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GI Exam 1 > Digestion Overview > Flashcards

Digestion Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Oral cavity, teeth and tongue

A

Mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions

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2
Q

Function of Salivary glands

A

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

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3
Q

Function of Liver

A

Secretion of bile (lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

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4
Q

Function of pharynx

A

Muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

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5
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

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6
Q

Function of esophagus

A

transport of materials to the stomach

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7
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes

Endocrine cells secrete hormones

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8
Q

Function of Stomach

A

chemical breakdown of material via acid and enzymes

Mechanical processing through muscular contraction

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9
Q

Function of Large Intestine

A

Dehydration and compaction of undigestiible material in prep for elimination

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10
Q

Function of Small Intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins and ions

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11
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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12
Q

Function of the 2 main salivary glands

A

Lubrication
Oral hygiene
Digestion (amylase, lipase)

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13
Q

Lipase breaks down

A

fats

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14
Q

Amylase breaks down

A

carbs

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15
Q

How does saliva secretion occur?

A

Cl- is excreted into apical membrane of secretary epithelial cells building an electrochemical gradient which is maintained by Na-K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane
When Cl- is excreted, it draws Na, K, and Ca from the plasma into the lumen
This flux generates an osmotic gradient that draws water into the saliva until the osmolality of secretion equals the plasma

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16
Q

What are the salivary glands controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

How are the salivary glands controlled?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations

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18
Q

What does the sympathetic stimulation lead to?

A

Secretion of small volume of viscous saliva containing high enzyme concentration
“dry mouth”

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19
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation lead to?

A

Accelerates secretion by all the glands resulting in large amounts of watery saliva

20
Q

Phases of swallowing

A

Buccal (chewing)
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

21
Q

Plica function

A

Have villi on them to help food flow in one direction

Help with absorption

22
Q

Define Peristalsis

A

Combination of circular and longitudinal muscles to move the food

23
Q

How do the muscles contract?

A

CIrcular contract first to mix and move the food and then longitudinal contract ahead of the food and then circular contract again to propel it down

24
Q

Fundus where and what does it do?

A

Top of the stomach where gastric acid is produced

25
Q

Parietal cells secretion

A

Produce HCL and intrinsic factor

26
Q

Mucous cell secretion

A

Mucus which protects the epithelia from the acidic gastric acid
- Lack = ulcers

27
Q

Chief cells secretion

A

Pepsinogen which is the precursor to pepsin which helps break down the food
Also produced in Brunner’s gland of duodenum

28
Q

Enteroendocrine cell secretion

A

Hormones

29
Q

G cell secretion

A

Gastrin

30
Q

A cells secretion

A

Glucagon

31
Q

D cell secretion

A

Somatostatin

32
Q

Gastric lipase secretion

A

Helps break down fat

33
Q

Acid secretion depends on:

A

Carbonic anhydrase and chloride/bicarbonate exchange

34
Q

FInal pH of the stomach

A

1.5-3.5

35
Q

Hydrochloric acid does what

A

Lowers the pH of gastric juice
Kills microorganisms
Breaks down cell walls and connective tissues in food
Activates chief cells (pepsinogen)

36
Q

Acid secretion is inhibited by:

A

Somatostatin and prostaglandins (PGE2)

37
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells function

A

After gastrin stimulation due to food enter the fundus, release histamine which stimulates acid production

38
Q

Parts of the small intestine:

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

39
Q

Duodenum

A

Where food enters
Acidic in nature
Reabsorption

40
Q

Jejunum

A

Longest portion

41
Q

Ileum

A

Connected to the large intestine (colon) via the cecum

42
Q

Parts of the Large intestine

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

43
Q

Goblet cells produce

A

Fat

44
Q

Two ducts come together, what are they?

A

Common bile duct (gallbladder)

Pancreatic duct

45
Q

Passage of food takes:

A

4-9 hours to reach the cecum

12-25 hours to travel from cecum to rectum

46
Q

Chyme and water:

A

500-1500 mL of chyme enters large intestine

Less than 200 mL water is lost in feces

GI Exam 1 (8 decks)

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