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Digestion & Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Structures that chew and grind food

A

Teeth

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2
Q

Carries food from the mouth to the esophagus

A

Pharynx

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3
Q

Muscular organ that contains taste buds

A

Tongue

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4
Q

Carries food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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5
Q

Enlarged section of the alimentary canal

A

Stomach

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6
Q

Receives bile and pancreatic juice

A

Duodenum

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7
Q

The final section of the small intestine

A

Ileum

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8
Q

Absorbs water and remaining nutrients

A

Large intestine

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9
Q

Storage area of indigestibles

A

Rectum

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10
Q

Stores and concentrates bile

A

Gallbladder

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11
Q

Glandular organ behind the stomach

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

Name the four sections if the colon.

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

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13
Q

What separates the mouth from the nasal cavities?

A

The hard palate

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14
Q

What substance in saliva starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Salivary amylase

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15
Q

What prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?

A

Uvula

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16
Q

What closes over the esophagus when swallowing to keep food out of the respiratory tract?

A

The epiglottis

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17
Q

What is the rhythmic, wavelike involuntary movement that keeps things moving through the digestive system?

A

Peristalsis

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18
Q

What separates the mouth and the nasopharynx?

A

The soft palate

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19
Q

What keeps food in the stomach until it’s ready to enter the small intestine?

A

The pyloric sphincter

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20
Q

The middle section of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

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21
Q

In the small intestine, ____ complete the digestion of proteins and _____ /_____ aids in the digestion of fat.

A

peptidases; steapsin; lipase

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22
Q

What closes after food enters the stomach to prevent food from reentering the esophagus?

A

Cardiac Sphincter

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23
Q

The gastric juices in the stomach contain what two substances?

A

Hydrochloric acid and enzymes

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24
Q

What are the folded mucous membranes of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

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25
Q

When food mixes with saliva, what is it called?

A

Bolus

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26
Q

When bolus is in the stomach, what is it converted to?

A

Chyme

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27
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption occur?

A

The small intestine

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28
Q

This substance emulsifies fats.

A

Bile

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29
Q

Capillaries in ____ absorb digested nutrients and carry to them to the ___.

A

villi; liver

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30
Q

What picks up digested fat and carries it to the lymphatic system?

A

Lacteals

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31
Q

The small projection in the cecum is called?

A

The vermiform appendix

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32
Q

What two types of vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?

A

B complex and Vitamin K

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33
Q

Cholesterol is produced by the?

A

Liver

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34
Q

Painful, dilated or varicose veins in the rectum/anus are called?

A

Hemorrhoids

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35
Q

The presence of stones in the gallbladder is called?

A

Cholelithiasis

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36
Q

What type(s) of hepatitis is/are preventable by a vaccine?

A

A and B

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37
Q

What type(s) of hepatitis is/are transmitted by food or water by the feces of an infected person?

A

A

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38
Q

What type(s) of hepatitis is/are transmitted by body fluids?

A

B and C

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39
Q

List THREE body fluids that can transmit hepatitis B and C.

A

[Every answer listed]
blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk

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40
Q

List the TWO main functions of saliva.

A

Lubricates the mouth for speech/chewing and moistens food for swallowing.

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41
Q

List the THREE salivary glands.

A

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

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42
Q

What is the process when the teeth physically break down food by chewing and grinding?

A

Mastication

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43
Q

List the TWO functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

A

Kills bacteria and helps absorb iron

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44
Q

List the FIVE functions of the liver.

A

secretes bile, stores glycogen, stores iron/vitamins, produces heparin/cholesterol, and detoxifies substances

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45
Q

List the TWO functions of the pancreas.

A

produces insulin and secretes enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

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46
Q

Acute inflammation of the appendix caused by obstruction and infection

A

appendicitis

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47
Q

An inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

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48
Q

When crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments form gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

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49
Q

Chronic destruction of liver cells and the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue. Can be caused by hepatitis, chemical toxins, and alcoholism.

A

Cirrhosis

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50
Q

When fecal matter remains in the colon for too long caused by poor bowel habits, chronic laxative use, or a low fiber diet.

A

Constipation

51
Q

Frequent watery stools caused by infection, stress, an irritated colon, and toxic substances.

A

Diarrhea

52
Q

Inflammation of the diverticula (pouches that form in the intestine) caused by fecal material and bacteria becoming trapped.

A

Diverticulitis

53
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach and intestines caused by food poisoning, infection, and toxins.

A

Gastroenteritis

54
Q

Painful dilated/varicose veins in the rectum/anus caused by strain, pressure during pregnancy, insufficient fluid intake, laxative abuse, or prolonged sitting/standing

A

Hemorrhoids

55
Q

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses in fecal matter or body fluids.

A

Hepatitis

56
Q

When an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in the body wall.

A

Hernia

57
Q

When the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity through an opening for the esophagus.

A

Hiatal Hernia

58
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas, caused by the pancreatic enzymes digesting the pancreas itself causing necrosis.

A

Pancreatitis

59
Q

Inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity, caused by a rupture in the intestine allowing its contents to enter the cavity.

A

Peritonitis

60
Q

An open sore on the lining of the digestive tract, often caused by a bacterium (Heliobacter pylori) that burrows into the membrane allowing acids to come out.

A

Ulcer

61
Q

Severe inflammation of the colon along with the formation of ulcers and abscesses, caused by stress, allergies, or an autoimmune reaction.

A

Ulcerative colitis

62
Q

Opening where fecal matter is expelled

A

Anus

63
Q

Long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, intestines, and anus. It also has the salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas as accessory organs.

A

Alimentary Canal

64
Q

All body processes relating to food

A

Nutrition

65
Q

State of good health with optimal body function

A

Nutritional Wellness

66
Q

Fibrous indigestible form of carbohydrates

A

Cellulose

67
Q

Process where blood capillaries pick up nutrients

A

Absorption

68
Q

Process where nutrients are used by cells

A

Metabolism

69
Q

Nutrients that are a major source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

70
Q

Nutrients made of amino acids

A

Proteins

71
Q

Nutrients that provide the most concentrated form of energy

A

Fats

72
Q

Sterol lipid found in body cells and animal products

A

Cholesterol

73
Q

Inorganic elements that regulate body fluids and assist in body functions

A

Minerals

74
Q

Carbohydrates are a ____ source of energy than fats.

A

cheaper

75
Q

Fats are a ____ ____ source of energy than carbohydrates.

A

more expensive

76
Q

Describe the state of saturated fats at room temperature.

A

Solid

77
Q

Describe the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature.

A

Soft and oily

78
Q

____ are usually classified as water/fat-soluble.

A

Vitamins

79
Q

The best source of incomplete proteins are ____ foods.

A

Vegetable

80
Q

The best source of complete proteins are ____ foods.

A

Animal

81
Q

_____, _____, and _____ all help build and repair tissue.

A

Proteins; Vitamins; Minerals

82
Q

If a deficiency in vitamins can cause poor health, can an excessive amount do the same?

A

Yes

83
Q

How many cups of water should the average person drink?

A

6-8

84
Q

The chemical breakdown of food is called what?

A

Digestion

85
Q

Where does most absorption take place?

A

The small intestine

86
Q

During what process are nutrients combined with oxygen, releasing heat and energy?

A

Metabolism

87
Q

The basal metabolic rate measure the rate at which the body uses energy for what type of work? List an example.

A

Involuntary; maintains tissue

88
Q

A measure of the amount of heat released when nutrients are metabolized to produce energy.

A

a calorie

89
Q

What is the main factor in determining someone’s caloric requirements?

A

Physical activity/exercise

90
Q

To gain weight you should _____ activity and _____ caloric intake.

A

decrease; increase

91
Q

To lose weight you should _____ activity and _____ caloric intake.

A

increase; decrease

92
Q

List the FIVE food groups.

A

dairy, vegetables, fruits, proteins, grains

93
Q

What is the simplest way to measure correct portion sizes?

A

Your hand

94
Q

The loss of appetite is called ____.

A

Anorexia

95
Q

Are liquid diets nutritionally adequate?

A

No.

96
Q

High-fat foods are avoided on high calorie diets because?

A

They digest slowly and spoil the appetite

97
Q

Obesity is a form of ____.

A

malnutrition

98
Q

Underweight is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.

A

10-15; less

99
Q

Overweight is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.

A

10-20; greater

100
Q

Obese is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.

A

20; more

101
Q

Name the TWO substances that can be antioxidants.

A

vitamins and minerals

102
Q

What type of cholesterol transports cholesterol back to the liver and prevents plaque from accumulating on the walls of the arteries? Is it considered good/bad?

A

High-Density Lipoprotein/HDL; good

103
Q

What type of cholesterol contributes to plaque buildup, causing atherosclerosis? Is it considered good/bad?

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein/LDL; bad

104
Q

List the TWO functions of fats.

A

provide insulation; cushions organs and bones

105
Q

List the TWO functions of proteins.

A

regulate body functions; build and repair tissues

106
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Growth and development
• Health of eyes
• Structure and functioning of the cells of the skin and mucous membranes
• Antioxidant to protect cells from free radicals

A

Vitamin A

107
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Growth
• Regulates calcium and phosphorous absorption and metabolism
• Builds and maintains bones and teeth

A

Vitamin D

108
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Necessary for protection of cell structure, especially red blood cells and epithelial cells
• Antioxidant to inhibit breakdown of vitamin A and some unsaturated fatty acids

A

Vitamin E

109
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Normal clotting of blood
• Formation of prothrombin

A

Vitamin K

110
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Promotes normal appetite and digestion
• Normal function of nervous system

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

111
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
• Health of mouth tissue
• Healthy eyes

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

112
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Protein synthesis and metabolism
• Production of antibodies

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

113
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Metabolism of proteins
• Production of healthy red blood cells
• Maintains nerve tissue

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

114
Q

Name the Vitamin:
• Healthy gums
• Aids in wound healing
• Aids in absorption of iron
• Formation of collagen

A

Vitamin C

115
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Develops/maintains bones and teeth
• Clotting of the blood
• Normal heart and muscle action
• Nerve function

A

Calcium (Ca)

116
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Develops/maintains bones and teeth
• Maintains blood acid-base balance
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Constituent of body cells

A

Phosphorus (P)

117
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Constituent of bones, muscles, and red blood cells
• Healthy muscles and nerves
• Metabolism of carbohydrates and fats

A

Magnesium (Mg)

118
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Fluid balance, acid-base balance
• Regulates muscles and nerves
• Glucose (sugar) absorption

A

Sodium (Na)

119
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Fluid balance
• Regular heart rhythm
• Cell metabolism
• Proper nerve function
• Regulates contraction of muscles

A

Potassium (K)

120
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Part of cell enzymes
• Aids in production of energy

A

Iron (Fe)

121
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Formation of hormones in thyroid gland
• Regulates basal metabolic rate

A

Iodine (I)

122
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Healthy teeth and bones

A

Fluorine (F) (Fluoride)

123
Q

Name the Mineral:
• Component of enzymes and insulin
• Essential for growth and wound healing

A

Zinc (Zn)

Health Science (3 decks)

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