Digestion & Nutrition Flashcards
Structures that chew and grind food
Teeth
Carries food from the mouth to the esophagus
Pharynx
Muscular organ that contains taste buds
Tongue
Carries food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
Enlarged section of the alimentary canal
Stomach
Receives bile and pancreatic juice
Duodenum
The final section of the small intestine
Ileum
Absorbs water and remaining nutrients
Large intestine
Storage area of indigestibles
Rectum
Stores and concentrates bile
Gallbladder
Glandular organ behind the stomach
Pancreas
Name the four sections if the colon.
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
What separates the mouth from the nasal cavities?
The hard palate
What substance in saliva starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?
Salivary amylase
What prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?
Uvula
What closes over the esophagus when swallowing to keep food out of the respiratory tract?
The epiglottis
What is the rhythmic, wavelike involuntary movement that keeps things moving through the digestive system?
Peristalsis
What separates the mouth and the nasopharynx?
The soft palate
What keeps food in the stomach until it’s ready to enter the small intestine?
The pyloric sphincter
The middle section of the small intestine
Jejunum
In the small intestine, ____ complete the digestion of proteins and _____ /_____ aids in the digestion of fat.
peptidases; steapsin; lipase
What closes after food enters the stomach to prevent food from reentering the esophagus?
Cardiac Sphincter
The gastric juices in the stomach contain what two substances?
Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
What are the folded mucous membranes of the stomach called?
Rugae
When food mixes with saliva, what is it called?
Bolus
When bolus is in the stomach, what is it converted to?
Chyme
Where does most digestion and absorption occur?
The small intestine
This substance emulsifies fats.
Bile
Capillaries in ____ absorb digested nutrients and carry to them to the ___.
villi; liver
What picks up digested fat and carries it to the lymphatic system?
Lacteals
The small projection in the cecum is called?
The vermiform appendix
What two types of vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?
B complex and Vitamin K
Cholesterol is produced by the?
Liver
Painful, dilated or varicose veins in the rectum/anus are called?
Hemorrhoids
The presence of stones in the gallbladder is called?
Cholelithiasis
What type(s) of hepatitis is/are preventable by a vaccine?
A and B
What type(s) of hepatitis is/are transmitted by food or water by the feces of an infected person?
A
What type(s) of hepatitis is/are transmitted by body fluids?
B and C
List THREE body fluids that can transmit hepatitis B and C.
[Every answer listed]
blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk
List the TWO main functions of saliva.
Lubricates the mouth for speech/chewing and moistens food for swallowing.
List the THREE salivary glands.
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
What is the process when the teeth physically break down food by chewing and grinding?
Mastication
List the TWO functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Kills bacteria and helps absorb iron
List the FIVE functions of the liver.
secretes bile, stores glycogen, stores iron/vitamins, produces heparin/cholesterol, and detoxifies substances
List the TWO functions of the pancreas.
produces insulin and secretes enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Acute inflammation of the appendix caused by obstruction and infection
appendicitis
An inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
When crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments form gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Chronic destruction of liver cells and the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue. Can be caused by hepatitis, chemical toxins, and alcoholism.
Cirrhosis
When fecal matter remains in the colon for too long caused by poor bowel habits, chronic laxative use, or a low fiber diet.
Constipation
Frequent watery stools caused by infection, stress, an irritated colon, and toxic substances.
Diarrhea
Inflammation of the diverticula (pouches that form in the intestine) caused by fecal material and bacteria becoming trapped.
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach and intestines caused by food poisoning, infection, and toxins.
Gastroenteritis
Painful dilated/varicose veins in the rectum/anus caused by strain, pressure during pregnancy, insufficient fluid intake, laxative abuse, or prolonged sitting/standing
Hemorrhoids
Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses in fecal matter or body fluids.
Hepatitis
When an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in the body wall.
Hernia
When the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity through an opening for the esophagus.
Hiatal Hernia
Inflammation of the pancreas, caused by the pancreatic enzymes digesting the pancreas itself causing necrosis.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity, caused by a rupture in the intestine allowing its contents to enter the cavity.
Peritonitis
An open sore on the lining of the digestive tract, often caused by a bacterium (Heliobacter pylori) that burrows into the membrane allowing acids to come out.
Ulcer
Severe inflammation of the colon along with the formation of ulcers and abscesses, caused by stress, allergies, or an autoimmune reaction.
Ulcerative colitis
Opening where fecal matter is expelled
Anus
Long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, intestines, and anus. It also has the salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas as accessory organs.
Alimentary Canal
All body processes relating to food
Nutrition
State of good health with optimal body function
Nutritional Wellness
Fibrous indigestible form of carbohydrates
Cellulose
Process where blood capillaries pick up nutrients
Absorption
Process where nutrients are used by cells
Metabolism
Nutrients that are a major source of energy
Carbohydrates
Nutrients made of amino acids
Proteins
Nutrients that provide the most concentrated form of energy
Fats
Sterol lipid found in body cells and animal products
Cholesterol
Inorganic elements that regulate body fluids and assist in body functions
Minerals
Carbohydrates are a ____ source of energy than fats.
cheaper
Fats are a ____ ____ source of energy than carbohydrates.
more expensive
Describe the state of saturated fats at room temperature.
Solid
Describe the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature.
Soft and oily
____ are usually classified as water/fat-soluble.
Vitamins
The best source of incomplete proteins are ____ foods.
Vegetable
The best source of complete proteins are ____ foods.
Animal
_____, _____, and _____ all help build and repair tissue.
Proteins; Vitamins; Minerals
If a deficiency in vitamins can cause poor health, can an excessive amount do the same?
Yes
How many cups of water should the average person drink?
6-8
The chemical breakdown of food is called what?
Digestion
Where does most absorption take place?
The small intestine
During what process are nutrients combined with oxygen, releasing heat and energy?
Metabolism
The basal metabolic rate measure the rate at which the body uses energy for what type of work? List an example.
Involuntary; maintains tissue
A measure of the amount of heat released when nutrients are metabolized to produce energy.
a calorie
What is the main factor in determining someone’s caloric requirements?
Physical activity/exercise
To gain weight you should _____ activity and _____ caloric intake.
decrease; increase
To lose weight you should _____ activity and _____ caloric intake.
increase; decrease
List the FIVE food groups.
dairy, vegetables, fruits, proteins, grains
What is the simplest way to measure correct portion sizes?
Your hand
The loss of appetite is called ____.
Anorexia
Are liquid diets nutritionally adequate?
No.
High-fat foods are avoided on high calorie diets because?
They digest slowly and spoil the appetite
Obesity is a form of ____.
malnutrition
Underweight is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.
10-15; less
Overweight is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.
10-20; greater
Obese is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.
20; more
Name the TWO substances that can be antioxidants.
vitamins and minerals
What type of cholesterol transports cholesterol back to the liver and prevents plaque from accumulating on the walls of the arteries? Is it considered good/bad?
High-Density Lipoprotein/HDL; good
What type of cholesterol contributes to plaque buildup, causing atherosclerosis? Is it considered good/bad?
Low-Density Lipoprotein/LDL; bad
List the TWO functions of fats.
provide insulation; cushions organs and bones
List the TWO functions of proteins.
regulate body functions; build and repair tissues
Name the Vitamin:
• Growth and development
• Health of eyes
• Structure and functioning of the cells of the skin and mucous membranes
• Antioxidant to protect cells from free radicals
Vitamin A
Name the Vitamin:
• Growth
• Regulates calcium and phosphorous absorption and metabolism
• Builds and maintains bones and teeth
Vitamin D
Name the Vitamin:
• Necessary for protection of cell structure, especially red blood cells and epithelial cells
• Antioxidant to inhibit breakdown of vitamin A and some unsaturated fatty acids
Vitamin E
Name the Vitamin:
• Normal clotting of blood
• Formation of prothrombin
Vitamin K
Name the Vitamin:
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Promotes normal appetite and digestion
• Normal function of nervous system
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Name the Vitamin:
• Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
• Health of mouth tissue
• Healthy eyes
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Name the Vitamin:
• Protein synthesis and metabolism
• Production of antibodies
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Name the Vitamin:
• Metabolism of proteins
• Production of healthy red blood cells
• Maintains nerve tissue
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Name the Vitamin:
• Healthy gums
• Aids in wound healing
• Aids in absorption of iron
• Formation of collagen
Vitamin C
Name the Mineral:
• Develops/maintains bones and teeth
• Clotting of the blood
• Normal heart and muscle action
• Nerve function
Calcium (Ca)
Name the Mineral:
• Develops/maintains bones and teeth
• Maintains blood acid-base balance
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Constituent of body cells
Phosphorus (P)
Name the Mineral:
• Constituent of bones, muscles, and red blood cells
• Healthy muscles and nerves
• Metabolism of carbohydrates and fats
Magnesium (Mg)
Name the Mineral:
• Fluid balance, acid-base balance
• Regulates muscles and nerves
• Glucose (sugar) absorption
Sodium (Na)
Name the Mineral:
• Fluid balance
• Regular heart rhythm
• Cell metabolism
• Proper nerve function
• Regulates contraction of muscles
Potassium (K)
Name the Mineral:
• Formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Part of cell enzymes
• Aids in production of energy
Iron (Fe)
Name the Mineral:
• Formation of hormones in thyroid gland
• Regulates basal metabolic rate
Iodine (I)
Name the Mineral:
• Healthy teeth and bones
Fluorine (F) (Fluoride)
Name the Mineral:
• Component of enzymes and insulin
• Essential for growth and wound healing
Zinc (Zn)
