Digestion/Excretion Flashcards by Hagahs Green

What conclusion could the student make about lipid digestion based on the graph of
results shown above?

(Lipid digestion) is faster (higher rate) with both lipase and bile salts

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Name the two products of complete lipid digestion by lipase.

Fatty acids
Glycerol

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Name a location in the digestive system where lipase digests lipids.

Duodenum

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Suggest an optimum pH for digestion of lipids in the location you named at part (c)
above.

7-9

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Describe the action of bile salts on lipids.

Emulsifies

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Villi are microscopic structures in the digestive system that aid the absorption of
nutrients.
Name the structure inside each villus that absorbs the products of lipid digestion.

Lacteal

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What is meant by the term digestion?

The breakdown of food

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Why is digestion necessary in humans?

To make nutrients (or food) soluble

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What name is given to the removal of undigested wastes from the human body?

*Egestion

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The diagram shows a longitudinal section (L.S.) of a villus from the human digestive
system.
Give the precise location where villi are
most abundant.

Small intestine

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What is the main function of villi?

To increase surface area

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Name the part labelled X and state its role.

Name:
*Lacteal
Role:
To absorb (digested) fats (or fatty acids)

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Name the blood vessel that carries
digested nutrients away from the digestive
system.

*Hepatic portal vein

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To what organ in the body are digested
nutrients first transported?

Liver

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Give one function of the organ you named
at part (v) LIVER above other than the storage of
nutrients.

Detoxification or produces bile or

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Name and explain the process of how food
is moved along the digestive system.

Namp
*Peristalsis
Explain: Muscular contractions

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Answer the following questions from your knowledge of the human digestive system.
What is meant by the term digestion?

Breaking down food

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Give two reasons why digestion is necessary.

To make food soluble/ easier to absorb/ easier to transport

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Name and describe the method by which food is passed along the alimentary
canal.

*Peristalsis
Description of peristalsis:
Muscular contractions (of the walls of the alimentary canal)

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Name an enzyme that digests dietary protein.

Protease

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Where is this enzyme produced?
Where is this enzyme active?

Stomach
Small intestine

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Name the products formed by the complete digestion of a protein molecule

Amino acids

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These products are transported to the liver.
Name the blood vessel that transports these digestion products to the liver

Hepatic portal vein

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Humans are heterotrophic and omnivorous. Explain each of these terms.

Heterotrophie:
must consume food or eats other organisms
or cannot make their food
Ommivorous:
Eats both animal and plant (material)

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What is meant by a balanced diet?

Correct amounts of each food type

Draw a large diagram of the human alimentary canal and its associated glands. On vour diagram label all of the following Two associated glands. Name each gland labelled and put the letter G in brackets after each name to indicate it Is a gland. Two parts of the small intestine. Name each part labelled and put the letter S in brackets after each name to indicate it is part of the small intestine. Two parts of the large intestine. Name each part labelled and put the letter L in brackets after each name to indicate it is part of the large intestine.

Diagram: continuous tube + stomach + intestines + a gland 1. Liver / salivary glands / pancreas 2. Duodenum / ileum 3. Colon / caecum (or appendix) / rectum

Answer the following questions in relation to lipase What is lipase? vive one part of the alimentary canal that secretes lipase What is the approximate pH at the site of lipase action?

1. Enzyme that digests lipids (or fats or oils) 2. Stomach or duodenum [accept small intestine or ileum or salivary glands or pancreas] 3. Stomach: (pH) < 7 Duodenum or small intestine or ileum: (pH) 7 - 9

() 1. Write the dental formula for an adult human with a full set of teeth. Give one ditterence between the dental formula reterred to above and the tooth arrangement of the mammal in the photograph below. What type of food do you think is mainly consumed by the mammal in the photograph? Explain your answer

I2/2C1/1PM2/2M3/3 2. (Humans have) fewer incisors (or fewer canines) or Animal shown has more incisors (or more canines) 3. Type of food: meat or flesh or other animals Explanation: long (or sharp or pointed or large or extra) canines (or iNCiSOrS)

Give two functions of the large intestine.

Absorption of water / peristalsis

Outline two beneficial functions of the bacteria that live in the digestive tract.

Production of vitamins / compete with other micro-organisms/

Why is digestion necessary?

For absorption

Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a sentence about cach.

Mechanical physical or grinding or cutting or churning or chewing or emulsifying Chemical: enzyme

What part of the alimentary canal is labelled W? The bile duct is connected to X. Name X. From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into W?

Duodenum Gall bladder or liver Stomach

State one digestive function of the pancreas.

Enzymes

Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D, E and F.

A: esophagus; B: stomach; C: small intestine or ileum; D: rectum; E: appendix; F: large intestine or colon

Which of the parts labelled plays a role in mechanical digestion?

Describe two functions of bile in relation to digestion.

Emulsification

Answer the following in relation to the enzyme amylase: . Where is it secreted? 2. Where does it act? 3. What is the approximate pH at its site of action?

1. Salivary gland or pancreas 2. Mouth or duodenum 3.7 -8

Name the part of the digestive system in which the end-products of digestion are absorbed.

Ileum

Name one process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood

Diffusion

Describe two ways in which the structure that you have named in (vi) is adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion

large surface area villi

SName X andY

Liver Hepatic Portal vein

Place arrows on Y. the henauc arterv and the henauc vein to mdiate the direcon or blood flow

State the precise location of organ X in the human body

Upper abdomen

State a role that organ X plays in the digestive process

Bile

Draw a labelled diagram to show the relationship between the liver, the small intestine and the hepatic portal vein.

Diagram (liver, connection, gut Labels (liver, intestine and portal vein)

Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein.

Co2

Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver.

Hepatic artery

Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach?

Above

Where is bile stored atter it has been made in the liver?

*Gall bladder

Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process.

Emulsify fats

Give two further unctions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile.

Storage Of vitamins heat generation

Excretion is an important process in homeostasis in living organisms. (i) Explain the underlined terms. Name one excretory organ in plants.

Excretion: Removal of metabolic waste from a cell (or organism) Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal environment Name one excretory organ in plants. Leaf

The kidneys are located in the abdomen surrounded by a thick layer of fat. What is the function of this layer of fat?

Protection

Identify the regions of the kidney labelled A, B and C.

*Cortex *Medulla *Pelvis

Identify the region in the kidney, by name or label, where the process of filtration occurs.

Explain the importance of blood entering the glomerulus under pressure.

Force filtered

State two reasons why there are many capillaries surrounding the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron.

Reabsorption (or described) Secretion

Describe how ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) affects the volume of urine.

more water reabsorbed (More ADH) leads to low volume of urine

Urine collects at the region labelled C on the diagram of the kidney and travels on towards the bladder. Name the structure through which urine travels to the bladder.

Ureter

Which labelled structure is involved in vasoconstriction?

Describe in detail the role of vasoconstriction in temperature regulation.

In cold conditions / arterioles (or blood vessels) narrow / less blood flow to skin

Which labelled structure is involved in piloerection?

Which labelled structure is involved in both excretion and temperature regulation?

Name the excretory product produced by the structure stated at part (iv) above.

Sweat

Humans can generate their own heat and regulate their own body temperature. What name is given to such organisms?

Endotherm

Name two other systems in which the skin has a role.

Nervous Defence

Homeostasis

Maintain a constant internal environment

Why homeostasis is important

Metabolism

Excretion

Removal of metabolic waste

State the precise location in the body Where urea is made.

Liver

Name the food source from which urea is derived *

Protein (*Amino acids)

Location o Bowman's capsule: SLocation of loop of Henle: Name the part labeled A

Cortex Medulla Ureter

(iv) Draw a large diagram of a nephron and its associated blood supply from a human kidney. Label the following parts: Bowman's capsule Loop of Henle Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Glomerulus

Bowman's capsule + 2 convoluted tubules with loop Glomerulus + capillary (blood vessels) surrounding tubules Labels: Bowman's capsule. Loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, glomerulus.

What is the main difference between plasma and filtrate? Why

Plasma has proteins (7g/100 cm3) filtrate has none Proteins too big to pass through

Explain the results between Blood plasma and filtrate: Glomerular filtrate and urine:

Glucose (molecules) small enough to pass through (All) glucose is reabsorbed

What is the effect on the volume of urine produced by a hian salt intake?

(volume) decreases

Explain

- ADH/ from pituitary/ makes (walls of) collecting duct (or of distal tubule more permeable to water

Name the structures labelled X and Y.

Bowman’s capsule Distal tubule

Draw a line from the 'Target area' box above, to a precise location on the diagram to indicate where the hormone ADH has its effect.

To distal tubule

Briefly describe the effect of ADH on its target area.

It becomes more permeable to water

What change in blood composition triggers the secretion of ADH?

Increasing salt concentration

Name the endocrine gland in which ADH is produced.

Hypothalamus

Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure.

Transplant

Distinguish between the terms excretion and egestion by writing a sentence about each term.

Excretion. Removal of metabolic waste Egestion: Removal of undigested (or unabsorbed) material

Suggest how excretion may occur in simple organisms such as Amoeba.

Diffusion

Name two excretory products, other than water, of mammals.

CO2 urea

For each product referred to in (i), give a location in the body in which it is produced.

Blood Liver

Describe the role of ADm vasopressinan human excretion.

ADH: (Produced in response to) high salt levels or low water levels or dehydration/ (acts on) collecting ducts or (acts on) distal convoluted tubules/ more permeable/

Suggest two structures in flowering plants which play a role in excretion.

Stomata Leaves

Which of the plots, X or Y, relates to the dog?

X Dogs body temp more stable

In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the dog:

Endothermic

What is the main source of the dog's body heat?

Respiration

Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature and environmental temperature

Temp suitable for metabolism

relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the lizard?

Ectothermic

What is the main source of the lizard's body heat?

Environment