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Digestion/Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What conclusion could the student make about lipid digestion based on the graph of
results shown above?

A

(Lipid digestion) is faster (higher rate) with both lipase and bile salts

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2
Q

Name the two products of complete lipid digestion by lipase.

A

Fatty acids
Glycerol

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3
Q

Name a location in the digestive system where lipase digests lipids.

A

Duodenum

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4
Q

Suggest an optimum pH for digestion of lipids in the location you named at part (c)
above.

A

7-9

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5
Q

Describe the action of bile salts on lipids.

A

Emulsifies

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6
Q

Villi are microscopic structures in the digestive system that aid the absorption of
nutrients.
Name the structure inside each villus that absorbs the products of lipid digestion.

A

Lacteal

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7
Q

What is meant by the term digestion?

A

The breakdown of food

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8
Q

Why is digestion necessary in humans?

A

To make nutrients (or food) soluble

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9
Q

What name is given to the removal of undigested wastes from the human body?

A

*Egestion

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10
Q

The diagram shows a longitudinal section (L.S.) of a villus from the human digestive
system.
Give the precise location where villi are
most abundant.

A

Small intestine

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11
Q

What is the main function of villi?

A

To increase surface area

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12
Q

Name the part labelled X and state its role.

A

Name:
*Lacteal
Role:
To absorb (digested) fats (or fatty acids)

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13
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries
digested nutrients away from the digestive
system.

A

*Hepatic portal vein

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14
Q

To what organ in the body are digested
nutrients first transported?

A

Liver

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15
Q

Give one function of the organ you named
at part (v) LIVER above other than the storage of
nutrients.

A

Detoxification or produces bile or

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16
Q

Name and explain the process of how food
is moved along the digestive system.

A

Namp
*Peristalsis
Explain: Muscular contractions

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17
Q

Answer the following questions from your knowledge of the human digestive system.
What is meant by the term digestion?

A

Breaking down food

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18
Q

Give two reasons why digestion is necessary.

A

To make food soluble/ easier to absorb/ easier to transport

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19
Q

Name and describe the method by which food is passed along the alimentary
canal.

A

*Peristalsis
Description of peristalsis:
Muscular contractions (of the walls of the alimentary canal)

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20
Q

Name an enzyme that digests dietary protein.

A

Protease

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21
Q

Where is this enzyme produced?
Where is this enzyme active?

A

Stomach
Small intestine

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22
Q

Name the products formed by the complete digestion of a protein molecule

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

These products are transported to the liver.
Name the blood vessel that transports these digestion products to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

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24
Q

Humans are heterotrophic and omnivorous. Explain each of these terms.

A

Heterotrophie:
must consume food or eats other organisms
or cannot make their food
Ommivorous:
Eats both animal and plant (material)

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25
Q

What is meant by a balanced diet?

A

Correct amounts of each food type

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26
Q

Draw a large diagram of the human alimentary canal and its associated glands.
On vour diagram label all of the following
Two associated glands. Name each gland labelled and put the letter G in brackets after
each name to indicate it Is a gland.
Two parts of the small intestine. Name each part labelled and put the letter S in
brackets after each name to indicate it is part of the small intestine.
Two parts of the large intestine. Name each part labelled and put the letter L in
brackets after each name to indicate it is part of the large intestine.

A

Diagram: continuous tube + stomach + intestines + a gland
1. Liver / salivary glands / pancreas
2. Duodenum / ileum
3. Colon / caecum (or appendix) / rectum

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27
Q

Answer the following questions in relation to lipase
What is lipase?
vive one part of the alimentary canal that secretes lipase
What is the approximate pH at the site of lipase action?

A
  1. Enzyme that digests lipids (or fats or oils)
  2. Stomach or duodenum
    [accept small intestine or ileum or salivary glands or pancreas]
    3.
    Stomach: (pH) < 7
    Duodenum or small intestine or ileum: (pH) 7 - 9
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28
Q

() 1. Write the dental formula for an adult human with a full set of teeth.
Give one ditterence between the dental formula reterred to above and the tooth
arrangement of the mammal in the photograph below.
What type of food do you think is mainly consumed by the mammal in the photograph?
Explain your answer

A

I2/2C1/1PM2/2M3/3
2.
(Humans have) fewer incisors (or fewer canines)
or Animal shown has more incisors (or more canines)
3.
Type of food:
meat or flesh or other animals
Explanation:
long (or sharp or pointed or large or extra)
canines (or iNCiSOrS)

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29
Q

Give two functions of the large intestine.

A

Absorption of water / peristalsis

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30
Q

Outline two beneficial functions of the bacteria that live in the digestive tract.

A

Production of vitamins / compete with other micro-organisms/

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31
Q

Why is digestion necessary?

A

For absorption

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32
Q

Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a sentence about cach.

A

Mechanical
physical or grinding or cutting or churning or chewing or emulsifying
Chemical: enzyme

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33
Q

What part of the alimentary canal is labelled W?
The bile duct is connected to X. Name X.
From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into W?

A

Duodenum
Gall bladder or liver
Stomach

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34
Q

State one digestive function of the pancreas.

A

Enzymes

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35
Q

Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D, E and F.

A

A: esophagus; B: stomach; C: small intestine or ileum; D: rectum; E: appendix;
F: large intestine or colon

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36
Q

Which of the parts labelled plays a role in mechanical digestion?

A

B

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37
Q

Describe two functions of bile in relation to digestion.

A

Emulsification

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38
Q

Answer the following in relation to the enzyme amylase:
. Where is it secreted?
2. Where does it act?
3. What is the approximate pH at its site of action?

A
  1. Salivary gland or pancreas
  2. Mouth or duodenum
    3.7 -8
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39
Q

Name the part of the digestive system in which the end-products of digestion are
absorbed.

A

Ileum

40
Q

Name one process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood

A

Diffusion

41
Q

Describe two ways in which the structure that you have named in (vi) is adapted for
the absorption of the products of digestion

A

large surface area
villi

42
Q

SName X andY

A

Liver
Hepatic Portal vein

43
Q

Place arrows on Y. the henauc arterv and the henauc vein to mdiate the direcon or blood flow

A
44
Q

State the precise location of organ X in the human body

A

Upper abdomen

45
Q

State a role that organ X plays in the digestive process

A

Bile

46
Q

Draw a labelled diagram to show the relationship between the liver, the small intestine and
the hepatic portal vein.

A

Diagram (liver,
connection, gut
Labels (liver, intestine and portal vein)

47
Q

Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein.

A

Co2

48
Q

Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver.

A

Hepatic artery

49
Q

Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach?

A

Above

50
Q

Where is bile stored atter it has been made in the liver?

A

*Gall bladder

51
Q

Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process.

A

Emulsify fats

52
Q

Give two further unctions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile.

A

Storage Of vitamins
heat generation

53
Q

Excretion is an important process in homeostasis in living organisms.
(i)
Explain the underlined terms.
Name one excretory organ in plants.

A

Excretion:
Removal of metabolic waste from a cell (or organism)
Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal environment
Name one excretory organ in plants.
Leaf

54
Q

The kidneys are located in the abdomen surrounded by a thick layer of fat.
What is the function of this layer of fat?

A

Protection

55
Q

Identify the regions of the kidney labelled A, B and C.

A

*Cortex
*Medulla
*Pelvis

56
Q

Identify the region in the kidney, by name or label, where the process of
filtration occurs.

A

A

57
Q

Explain the importance of blood entering the glomerulus under pressure.

A

Force filtered

58
Q

State two reasons why there are many capillaries surrounding the proximal
convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the
nephron.

A

Reabsorption (or described)
Secretion

59
Q

Describe how ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) affects the volume of urine.

A

more
water reabsorbed

(More ADH) leads to low volume of urine

60
Q

Urine collects at the region labelled C on the diagram of the kidney and travels
on towards the bladder.
Name the structure through which urine travels to the bladder.

A

Ureter

61
Q

Which labelled structure is involved in vasoconstriction?

A

B

62
Q

Describe in detail the role of vasoconstriction in temperature regulation.

A

In cold conditions / arterioles (or blood vessels) narrow / less blood flow to skin

63
Q

Which labelled structure is involved in piloerection?

A

A

64
Q

Which labelled structure is involved in both excretion and temperature
regulation?

A

C

65
Q

Name the excretory product produced by the structure stated at part (iv) above.

A

Sweat

66
Q

Humans can generate their own heat and regulate their own body temperature.
What name is given to such organisms?

A

Endotherm

67
Q

Name two other systems in which the skin has a role.

A

Nervous
Defence

68
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintain a constant internal environment

69
Q

Why homeostasis is important

A

Metabolism

70
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste

71
Q

State the precise location in the body

Where urea is made.

A

Liver

72
Q

Name the food source from which urea is derived
*

A

Protein (*Amino acids)

73
Q

Location o Bowman’s capsule:
SLocation of loop of Henle:
Name the part labeled A

A

Cortex
Medulla
Ureter

74
Q

(iv)
Draw a large diagram of a nephron and its associated blood supply from a human
kidney. Label the following parts:
Bowman’s capsule
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule + 2 convoluted tubules with loop
Glomerulus + capillary (blood vessels) surrounding tubules
Labels:
Bowman’s capsule. Loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule
collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, glomerulus.

75
Q

What is the main difference between plasma and filtrate?

Why

A

Plasma has proteins (7g/100 cm3) filtrate has none
Proteins too big to pass through

76
Q

Explain the results between
Blood plasma and filtrate:

Glomerular filtrate and urine:

A

Glucose (molecules) small enough to pass through

(All) glucose is reabsorbed

77
Q

What is the effect on the volume of urine produced by a hian salt intake?

A

(volume) decreases

78
Q

Explain

A

-
ADH/ from pituitary/ makes (walls of) collecting duct (or of distal
tubule more permeable to water

79
Q

Name the structures labelled X and Y.

A

Bowman’s capsule
Distal tubule

80
Q

Draw a line from the ‘Target area’ box above, to a precise location on the diagram to
indicate where the hormone ADH has its effect.

A

To distal tubule

81
Q

Briefly describe the effect of ADH on its target area.

A

It becomes more permeable to water

82
Q

What change in blood composition triggers the secretion of ADH?

A

Increasing salt concentration

83
Q

Name the endocrine gland in which ADH is produced.

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure.

A

Transplant

85
Q

Distinguish between the terms excretion and egestion by writing a sentence about each term.

A

Excretion.
Removal of metabolic waste
Egestion:
Removal of undigested (or unabsorbed) material

86
Q

Suggest how excretion may occur in simple organisms such as Amoeba.

A

Diffusion

87
Q

Name two excretory products, other than water, of mammals.

A

CO2 urea

88
Q

For each product referred to in (i), give a location in the body in which it is produced.

A

Blood
Liver

89
Q

Describe the role of ADm vasopressinan human excretion.

A

ADH: (Produced in response to) high salt levels or low water levels or dehydration/
(acts on) collecting ducts or (acts on) distal convoluted tubules/ more permeable/

90
Q

Suggest two structures in flowering plants which play a role in excretion.

A

Stomata
Leaves

91
Q

Which of the plots, X or Y, relates to the dog?

A

X
Dogs body temp more stable

92
Q

In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the dog:

A

Endothermic

93
Q

What is the main source of the dog’s body heat?

A

Respiration

94
Q

Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature and environmental
temperature

A

Temp suitable for metabolism

95
Q

relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the lizard?

A

Ectothermic

96
Q

What is the main source of the lizard’s body heat?

A

Environment

Biology (7 decks)

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