Digestion AO1 Flashcards
Name the Enzymes and where they are found in the body.
- Amylase- salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas
- Maltose- small intestine
- Lipase- pancreas
- Peptidase- small intestine
- Protease- stomach, pancreas, small intestine
When do enzymes work best at. (Temperatures and Ph)
Temperature: 35-40 degrees
Ph: 6 and 8
What happen to enzymes at really high temperatures?
Enzymes become denatured which means they cannot work as well.
Why are enzymes important in the body?
Enzymes are proteins that control the speed of the chemical reactions in the body.
What if there were no enzymes in the body?
The reactions that take place in the body would be too slow to keep you alive.
What’s are the symptoms of deficiency of carbohydrates? (name 3 at least)
Lack of:
- Energy
- Tiredness
- Dehydration
- Nausea
- Quick loss of weight
what is protein deficiency and the condition?
- Protein deficiency is where there is not enough protein in the diet.
Condition: - kwashiorkor which is a severe deficiency, it is a form of malnutrition caused by a deficiency in protein.
What condition does Iron cause?
Iron deficiency can cause anaemia which is where there is not enough iron in the body. This will make you feel tired.
What is iron and why is it important?
Iron is a micronutrient that is essential in haemoglobin as these transport oxygen in the blood
What can deficiency of protein cause?
Kwashiorkor- a severe form of malnutrition
What symptoms can be found in protein deficiency?
Weight loss
Scaly/flaking skin
Stiff/painful joints
Small bumps on the back of upper arms
What is calcium deficiency?
Calcium deficiency is related to low bone mass and weakening due to osteoporosis. Calcium is needed for strong bones and teeth and helps with the heart, nerves and muscle work.
What is vitamin D essential for?
Essential for strong bones, aids the body use calcium from the diet. Vitamin D synthesises calcium.
What can occur in sodium deficiency?
Hyponatremia- sodium levels drop below 130M if drop below 125M seizures and a coma can happen.
What can vitamin C cause?
Scurvy
Why is vit C needed?
To make collagen- required for health and repair of various tissues and health.
Function of the heart
Pumps blood around the body for oxygen.
Function of pancreas
- Metabolises sugar
- Breaks down fats, protein and carbohydrates
Function of the liver
- The liver produces bile which is decreased into the small intestine to emulsify fat.
- Processes blood that is absorbed from the small intestine which contains the nutrients
Function of the stomach
The stomach holds food while it’s being mixed with enzymes to break down the different foods, this is done until it is a paste or in liquid form.
Function of the small intestine
Continuous breakdown of food
Absorb nutrients from food
Function of the large intestine
Processing waste
Function of the mouth
Breaks down the food into smaller pieces to be digested.
Saliva is produced to break down the food chemically.
Function of oesophagus
Pushes food down the oesophagus into the stomach through a series of muscle contractions.
Function of gall bladder
- Stores bile and waits for signal to be given by the small intestine which says that food is present.
Symptoms of carbohydrate deficiency.
- lack of energy
- dehydration
- tiredness
- nausea
Symptoms of fat deficiency
- dry skin
- painful/stiff joints
- scaly/flaky skin
- craving fatty food
Symptoms of calcium deficiency
- confusion/memory loss
- muscle cramps
- easy fracturing of bones
- hallucinations
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
- bone pain
- fatigue
- muscle weakness
- unable to think clearly
Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency
- dry skin
- split hair
- tooth loss
- weight loss
Symptoms of sodium deficiency
- weakness
- fatigue
- headache
- nausea
Role of hydrochloric acid in the digestive system
- Sterilize the food to stop bacteria from entering the body.
- triggers the release of enzymes to breakdown food
Role of bile in the digestive system
- emulsifies fat (mixes fat and water together)
- absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
Role of mucus in the digestive system
- used as a lubricant and protects digestive and respiratory tracts
Role of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions in carbohydrates
condensation reaction- occur when molecules are covalently joined together and water is formed
hydrolysis reaction- requires water molecule to break covalent bond between two sub units.
Role of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions in lipids
condensation- occurs between the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of three fatty acids which forms a triglyceride.
Hydrolysis- occur in the presence of water, break these molecules down into their constituent subunits
Role of condensation and hydrolysis reactions in proteins
condensation- occur between amino acids build up peptide/protein chain.
hydrolysis- break the peptide bond and form its constituent amino acids.
