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Biology - Paper 1, Higher > Digestion and enzymes (green) > Flashcards

Digestion and enzymes (green) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

A
  • As a source of energy
  • To build cell membranes
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2
Q

What are proteins used for in the body?

A

Growth and repair

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3
Q

What are lipids used for in the body?

A
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4
Q

What are the major sources of starch in your diet?

A

Potatoes, rice, bread, cereals, pasta

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5
Q

What are the major sources of protein in your diet?

A

Meat, eggs, cheese, beans, nuts, seeds

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6
Q

What are the major sources of lipids in your diet?

A

Butter and margarine, meat, plant oils, oily fish, nuts and seeds

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7
Q

Why must starch be broken down before it can be used by the body?

A

It is too large to pass through the lining of the small intestine

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8
Q

What are the two ways glucose is used by our body?

A
  • For respiration
  • Stored as glycogen
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9
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

Where are excess amino acids broken down?

A

In the liver

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11
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

What is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s

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13
Q

What does a positive test for sugars using Benedict’s look like?

A
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14
Q

What is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

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15
Q

What does a positive test result for starch using iodine look like?

A

Blue-black

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16
Q

What is used to test for proteins?

A

Biuret reagent

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17
Q

What does a positive result for protein look like using Biuret reagent?

A

Either

  • Turns purple
  • A purple ring between layers
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18
Q

What can be used to test for lipids?

A

Sudan III

19
Q

What does a positive result for lipids look like using Sudan III?

A

A red-stained layer forms on the surface of the water

20
Q

Where is water absorbed from in the digestive system?

A

Large intestine

21
Q

Where does most digestion happen in the digestive system?

A

Small intestine

22
Q

What is this organ?

A

Pancreas

23
Q

What is this organ?

A

Liver

24
Q

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

A

Increases the surface area over which digested food is absorbed

25
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

26
Q

Explain the lock and key theory for enzymes.

A
  • The active site is the lock
  • The substrate is the key
  • The active site and substrate are complementary in shape like a lock and key
  • The substrate is specific to the enzyme’s active site like a key to a lock
27
Q

Name two factors that affect enzyme action.

A

Temperature and pH

28
Q

Why are chemical reactions slow at low temperatures?

A

At low temperatures, the number of successful collisions between the enzyme and substrate is reduced because their molecular movement decreases.

29
Q

Why do enzymes stop working at high temperatures?

A

Higher temperatures break the forces between the amino acids

This changes the shape of the active site

The enzyme becomes denatured

30
Q

Explain why enzymes stop working at high and low pH.

A

Changing pH affects the charge on the amino acids in the enzyme

The active site changes shape

The enzyme becomes denatured

31
Q

What is the optimum pH of salivary amylase?

A

6.8

32
Q

What is the optimum pH of stomach protease (pepsin)?

A

1.5 - 2.0

33
Q

What is the optimum pH of pancreatic protease (trypsin)?

A

7.5 - 8.0

34
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch into glucose?

A

Amylase

35
Q

Which enzymes break down proteins into amino acids?

A

Proteases

36
Q

Which enzymes break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol?

A

Lipases

37
Q

Which three places are amylases produced?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

38
Q

Which three places are proteases produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

39
Q

Where are lipases produced?

A

Pancreas

40
Q

You are investigating the effect of pH on amylase.

Why must a control experiment be set up without amylase?

A

To show that the starch wouldn’t break down without amylase

41
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

42
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gallbladder

43
Q

What are the two major roles of bile?

A
  • Emulsifies lipids - breaks them down into smaller droplets, giving them a bigger surface area.
  • Neutralises stomach acid - contains sodium hydrogencarbonate, an alkali. Creates optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes.

Biology - Paper 1, Higher (7 decks)

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