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Biology - Paper 1, Higher > Cell division (green) > Flashcards

Cell division (green) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein to be made

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are found in human body cells?

A

46 (or 23 pairs)

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3
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in biological females?

A

XX

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4
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in biological males?

A

XY

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5
Q

When do cells divide by mitosis?

A
  • When an organism grows
  • When tissues are repaired
  • During asexual reproduction
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6
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cell growth

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7
Q

What happens during the DNA synthesis stage of the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes become double stranded

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8
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?

A

Two

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9
Q

In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically _________ to the parent cell.

A

Identical

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10
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell

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11
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found in the body?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Brain
  • Skin
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Liver
  • Muscle
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12
Q

Adult stem cells in bone marrow can differentiate into…

A

Blood cells

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13
Q

What is the name for the regions found in plants where cell division occurs?

A

Meristems

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14
Q

Where are meristems mainly found in plants?

A

Roots and shoots

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15
Q

Describe the steps to cloning in plants.

A
  1. Meristem cells removed from plant.
  2. Cells grown in Agar growth medium (contains nutrients and plant hormones).
  3. Plantlets are removed and planted.
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16
Q

What is a desirable characteristic that plants may be cloned for?

A

Disease resistance

17
Q

Describe three ways that stem cells could be used in human medicine.

A
  • in Type 1 diabetes
  • in cases of multiple sclerosis, which can lead to paralysis
  • in cases of spinal cord or brain injury, that have led to paralysis
18
Q

What are the two kinds of stem cells that could be used in medical treatments?

A

Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells

19
Q

What is a benefit of using embryonic stem cells in medical treatments?

A

They can differentiate into a wider range of cell types, so can be used to treat a wider variety of diseases

20
Q

What is a disadvantage of using embryonic stem cells in medical treatments?

A

They are difficult to obtain

Their use raises ethical dilemmas (e.g. potential life is killed)

21
Q

What is an advantage of using adult stem cell transplants?

A

They use the patient’s own cells, so they will not be rejected by the patient’s immune system

22
Q

What is therapeutic cloning used for?

A

To produce stem cells with the same genetic make-up as the patient

Biology - Paper 1, Higher (7 decks)

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