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Physio > Digestion and Absorption of Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption of Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Mucous cell (goblet cell)

A

Mucus and bicarbonate

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2
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Gastric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor

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3
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)

A

Histamine

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4
Q

Chief cells

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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5
Q

D cells

A

Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone - GHIH)

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6
Q

G cells

A

Gastrin

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7
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

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8
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

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9
Q

Mucus and bicarbonate

A

Physical barrier in between lumen and epithelium

Buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium

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10
Q

Gastric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic Factor

A

Activated pepsin; kills bacteria

Complexes with vitamin B12 to permit absorption

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11
Q

Somatostatin (GHIH)

A

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

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12
Q

Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase

A

Digests protein

Digests lipid

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13
Q

Pancreatic islet cells

A

Secrete hormones into blood

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14
Q

Pancreatic acini cells

A

Secrete zymogens (inactive enzymes) into pancreatic duct

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15
Q

Pancreatic duct cells

A

Secrete bicarbonate solution into lumen of pancreatic duct

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16
Q

Pancreatic nucleases

A

Chemical breakdown of nucleic acid

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17
Q

Trypsin

A

Chemical breakdown of protein

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18
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

Chemical breakdown of protein

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19
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

Chemical breakdown of protein

20
Q

Colipase

A

Protein cofactor, displaces some bile salts allowing lipase access to fats inside the bile salt coated lipid droplet

21
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Chemical breakdown of triglycerides

22
Q

Phospholipase

A

Chemical breakdown of phospholipid

23
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

24
Q

CFTR

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

25
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules with polar and non polar region

26
Q

Polar

A

Lipophobic; hydrophilic molecules

27
Q

Nonpolar

A

Lipophilic; hydrophobic molecules

28
Q

Bile solution

A

Nonenzymatic solution secreted from hepatocytes; made of bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol

29
Q

Bile pigments

A

Waste products of hemoglobin degradation (like bilirubin)

Removed via feces

30
Q

Bile salts

A

Amphipathic molecule that facilitates emulsification of fats. Reabsorbed in the ileum, circulate the blood, reabsorbed by hepatocytes, and are re-secreted

31
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

32
Q

Catabolism

A

Kaboom

Reactions that break large molecules into smaller molecules

33
Q

Anabolism

A

Adding

Reactions that synthesize large molecules from smaller molecules

34
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Individual’s lowest metabolic rate. Affected by age, assigned sex, amount of lean muscle mass, activity level, diet, hormones, and genetics

35
Q

Fasting (postabsorptive) State Metabolism

A

Period once nutrients from a recent meal are no longer in the bloodstream and available for use by the tissues

36
Q

Fed (absorptive) State Metabolism

A

The period of a meal when products of digestion are being absorbed, used, and stored

37
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Synthesizes glycogen from glucose

Mostly occurs in liver and skeletal muscle cells

38
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport water-insoluble cholesterol and triglycerides through blood

39
Q

HDLs (high density lipoproteins)

A

Highest protein content

Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver to be broken down and secreted into bile

“Healthy cholesterol”

40
Q

LDLs (low density lipoproteins)

A

Highest cholesterol content

Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues from membranes, storage, or hormone synthesis

“Lethal cholesterol”

41
Q

VLDLs (very low density lipoproteins)

A

More than half triglycerides, with low density of proteins

Transport triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues

42
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown glycogen to release glucose

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (lipids and proteins)

Occurs in liver

44
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetic acid

Beta - hydroxybutyric acid

Acetone

45
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin deficiency from autoimmune destruction of beta cells

46
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin-resistant diabetes

47
Q

Gestational Diabetes (GD)

A

Insulin-resistant diabetes due to pregnancy

Physio (3 decks)

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