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Kin 146 > Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of the digestive tract

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, small intestines, ileocecal sphincter, large intestine, rectum, anus

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2
Q

What is the function of the mouth

A

chew and break down food mechanically, mixing it with saliva

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3
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands

A

secrete saliva

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4
Q

What is the function of the pharynx

A

directs food from mouth to esophagus

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5
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis

A

protect airways during swallowing

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6
Q

What is the function of the esophageal sphincter

A

allow passage of mouth to esophagus and esophagus to stomach; prevent back flow from stomach to esophagus and esophagus to mouth

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7
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

adds acids, enzymes, and fluid to the food, breaking it down chemically

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8
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter

A

allows passage from the stomach to the small intestine

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9
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to their basic building blocks; walls of small intestine absorb these nutrients

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10
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal sphincter

A

allows passage from small intestine to large intestine

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11
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

reabsorb water and minerals, passing waste to the rectum

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the rectum

A

stores waste before excretion

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13
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

manufactures bile salts to help digest fats

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14
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

store bile salts before use

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15
Q

What is the function of the bile duct

A

conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine when fat is present

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16
Q

What is the function of the pancreas

A

manufactures enzymes that are sent to the lumen of the small intestine to digest all energy-yielding nutrients

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17
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic duct

A

conducts pancreatic juice from pancreas to the small intestine

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18
Q

What is the (minor) function of the appendix

A

stores lymph cells

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19
Q

What are the three layers of stomach muscle

A

longitudinal, circular, diagonal

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20
Q

What two muscle types of the small intestine work in segmentation and peristalsis

A

circular and longitudinal

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21
Q

What is peristalsis

A
  • the inner circular muscles contract which tightens the tube and pushes it forward
  • the circular muscles relax and the outer longitudinal muscles then contract
  • as the muscles alternate in contraction, the chyme is moved down the intestinal tract
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22
Q

What is segmentation

A
  • circular muscles contract, creating segments in the intestine
  • as each set of circular muscles contracts and relaxes, the chyme is broken up into segments
  • these contractions occur 12-16 times per minute, mixing the chyme and digestive juices to bring the nutrients into contact with the intestinal lining for absorption
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23
Q

What are the 4 types of sphincter and their individual functions

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter: top of the esophagus that opens in response to swallowing
  2. lower esophageal sphincter: bottom of the esophagus that prevents acid reflux from stomach
  3. pyloric sphincter: bottom of stomach that allows for movement from stomach to small intestine, and prevents reflux from small intestines to stomach
  4. ileocecal sphincter: end of small intestine that allows emptying of bowels
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24
Q

Why do we feel full after a fibre rich meal

A

high fibre slows digestion
fibre isn’t broken down in the small intestine, the colon uses fibre as an energy source and to maintain gut microbiome

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25
Q

Maltose is made up of what 2 components

A

glucose + glucose

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26
Q

Sucrose is made up of what 2 components

A

glucose + fructose

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27
Q

Lactose is made up of what 2 components

A

glucose + galactose

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28
Q

Where does the majority of fat breakdown occur

A

small intestine

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29
Q

What substance breaks down fat

A

bile

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30
Q

What type of fats are found to be broken down more in stomach than small intestines

A

dairy fats

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31
Q

What is it called when bile pulls fat into the liquid environment

A

micelle (emulsified fat)

32
Q

What does the emulsification process do to fats

A

breaks large fat globules into small droplets that repel one another (mixing fats and liquidy environment together)

33
Q

How does emulsification increase digestion of fats

A

makes fat more exposed to enzymes, which break it down and allow for digestion

34
Q

What enzyme coverts trypsinogen into trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

35
Q

What enzymes are involved in protein digestion

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, elastase, collagenase, intestinal di, tri and aminopeptidases

36
Q

What are carbs stored as in the body

A

glycogen

37
Q

What body tissue uses the most glucose

A

skeletal muscle

38
Q

What’s a chylomicron

A

clusters of lipids and proteins

39
Q

What happens to the lymph in the lymphatic system

A

collects in the thoracic duct and enters the bloodstream via the left subclavian vein

40
Q

What are chylomicrons used for

A

transport of fat called lipoproteins

41
Q

What are the 4 types of lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

42
Q

What lipoprotein is the most dense

A

HDL (smallest)

43
Q

What lipoprotein is the least dense

A

chylomicrons (largest)

44
Q

What is bad cholesterol

A

LDL

45
Q

What is good cholesterol

A

HDL

46
Q

Why is HDL good

A

made by the liver, and removed cholesterol from other cells to bring back to liver for recycling or disposal

47
Q

What factors lower LDL and raise HDL

A
  • weight control
  • consuming healthy fats
  • soluble dietary fibres
  • phytochemicals
  • moderate alcohol consumption
  • physical activity
48
Q

How does the circulation of HDL differ from LDL

A

HDL - released by liver and pick up cholesterol from other cells, returning it to liver for excretion
LDL - VLDL is released by liver, delivers cholesterol to cells and is broken down into LDL, which delivers cholesterol to other cells or back to the liver

49
Q

What activates lipoprotein lipase

A

insulin

50
Q

Where is the enzyme lipoprotein lipase found

A

on endothelial cells lining the capillaries around muscle, heart, and adipose tissue

51
Q

How are amino acids stored

A

they’re not - excess is deaminated

52
Q

What does the deamination of amino acids produce

A

ammonia - converted to urea and excreted

53
Q

Where are galactose and fructose converted to glucose

A

the liver

54
Q

What lipoprotein has the largest % of triglyceride

A

chylomicrons

55
Q

What tissue type has first access to amino acids that can be used to synthesize new proteins

A

intestines

56
Q

Blood entering the heart travels from _________________ tract via the _______ _________ ________ to the liver

A

from the digestive tract, via the hepatic portal vein

57
Q

Blood leaving the liver is sent back to the __________ via the ________ _________

A

back to the heart, via the hepatic vein

58
Q

What are some important liver functions

A
  • produce bile
  • detoxify
  • stores nutrients
  • produces hormones
  • produced clotting factors
  • produces transferrin
  • produces glucose and ketone bodies
59
Q

How do fats bypass first pass clearance of the liver

A

they travel in lymph

60
Q

What travels through first pass clearance to the liver

A

monosaccharides and amino acids

61
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence for ingestion

A

the liver

62
Q

We are limited in what type of macro storage

A

carb storage

63
Q

We are unlimited in what type of macro storage

A

fat storage

64
Q

Since proteins aren’t used for direct energy, what are they used for

A
  • growth/maintenance of muscle and bone
  • hormones
  • enzymes
  • fluid balance
  • acid-base balance
  • transporters
  • antibodies
  • energy (small amounts)
65
Q

Is the path from pyruvate to acetyl CoA reversible?

A

no, it is an irreversible step

66
Q

Amino acids used to make glucose are called…

A

glucogenic

67
Q

Amino acids used to make acetyl CoA are called…

A

ketogenic

68
Q

What macro cannot yield glucose or amino acids when main suppliers are not available

A

fatty acid lipids (but glycerol can)

69
Q

When eaten in excess, how does the body store carbs

A

liver and muscle glycogen stores & body fat stores

70
Q

When eaten in excess, how does the body store lipids

A

body fat stores

71
Q

When eaten in excess, how does the body store proteins

A

body proteins, loss of nitrogen in urine, & body fat stores

72
Q

When a person is fasting, how are liver and muscle glycogen stores used

A

break down into glucose which is used as energy for the brain, nervous system, blood cells, and cells of the body

73
Q

When a person is fasting, how are body fat stores used

A

broken down into fatty acids and used as energy for body cells

74
Q

If a person fasts beyond glycogen depletion, what happens

A

body protein is broken down into glucose, ketone bodies, and lost nitrogen in urine
- provide energy for body cells

body fat is also broken down, but into fatty acids and ketone bodies
- provide energy for body cells

75
Q

During starvation, what happens

A

the body shuts down the desire to search for food, slowing all metabolic processes to conserve energy for essential functions

76
Q

What are the two fates of acetyl CoA

A

enter TCA cycle or become fat

77
Q

Fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose but can be used to male….

A

ketones

Kin 146 (8 decks)

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