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Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

tube where food/chyme pass, GI track

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2
Q

What are the parts of the alimentary canal?

A

mouth/tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine/anus

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3
Q

What do the accessory structures do?

A

aid in breakdown of food

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4
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

What is the histology of the alimentary canal?

A

made of 4 layers
- mucosa (most inner)
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa (outer)

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6
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

consists of:
- epithelium - inner layer, and in direct contact with lumen
- lamina propria - blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, mucosa associated tissue (MALT - immune response)
- muscularis mucosa - made of smooth muscle, causes folding and increases surface area for absorption

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7
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

made of blood and lymphatic, submucosal glands release digestive juices

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8
Q

What is muscularis?

A

necessary for movement of food and mechanical digestion

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9
Q

What is serosa?

A

holds organs in place

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10
Q

What are the digestive processes?

A

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation,

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11
Q

What is ingestion?

A

entry of food into alimentary canal

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12
Q

What is propulsion?

A

movement of food/chyme
- peristalsis - alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of muscularis
- gastric emptying - layer (one-way movement
- mass movement

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13
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

mastication
gastric mixing
segmentation - back and forth movement (helps to break down food)

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14
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

enzymes

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15
Q

What is absorption?

A

small intestine, movement of nutrients from alimentary canal into blood

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16
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of undigested materials as feces

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17
Q

What digestive processes occur in the mouth?

A

mechanical digestion, ingestion, propulsion

18
Q

What occurs in the mouth?

A

the teeth masticate, the tongue synthesizes and secretes enzymes and then positions food into bolus, the salivary glands secrete saliva

19
Q

What do the salivary glands do?

A

secrete saliva
saliva fxn: maintain pH of 7 in mouth, lubricate the bolus
saliva components: ions, glycoproteins, waste, water, lysosomes

20
Q

What enzymes are produced in the mouth?

A

1) salivary amylase - made by salivary glands, breaks down starch and glycogen, active in mouth, pharynx, and esopahgus, inactive into stomach
2) Lingual Lipase - made by tongue, breaks down lipids, inactive in mouth and active in stomach

21
Q

What are the important features of the esopahgus?

A

upper esophageal sphincter - bands of muscle at top of esophagus, controls movement of bolus into esophagus (gatekeeper)
esophagus - 2/3 composed of smooth muscle (involuntary) and skeletal muscle, and 1/3 smooth muscle only
lower esophageal sphincter - keep gastric juices in stomach (prevent heart burn)

22
Q

What digestive process occur in the stomach?

A

chemical digestion via enzymes, mechanical via gastric mixing, propulsion via gastric emptying

23
Q

What makes up the stomach?

A

fundus - top part of stomach
rugae - folds that allow the stomach to stretch
body - majority of stomach
pylorus - end of stomach
pyloric sphincter - control movement of chyme into small intestine

24
Q

What cells make up the stomach?

A
  • Parietal cells - s/s HCl and intrinsic factor (needed to absorb B12)
  • Surface mucus cells - s/s alkaline mucus (helps protect stomach lining)
  • mucus neck cells - s/s mucus
  • chief cell - s/s pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin which aids in protein digestion)
  • enteroendocrine cell - s/s hormones (G cells which s/s gastrin)
25
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

26
Q

What digestive processes occur in small intestine?

A

propulsion via peristalsis, chemical digestion (enzymes), mechanical digestion (segmentation), ABSORB nutrients

27
Q

What is the small intestine histology?

A

1) circular folds - increase surface area for absorption
2) villi - increase SA for absorption
3) microvilli - increase SA for absorption, s/s brush border enzymes
4) goblet cells - s/s mucus (protects lining of small intestine)
5) crypt of Lieberkühn - s/s intestinal juices

28
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A

finish absorption of nutrients, absorb H2O, forms and eliminates feces

29
Q

What digestive process occur with large intestines?

A

absorption, propulsion (mass movement), mechanical digestion via defecation

30
Q

What is the path taken through the large intestine?

A

1) ileocecal valve/sphincter - separates small from large intestine
2) cecum
3) ascending colon
4) transverse colon
5) descending colon
6) sigmoid colon
7) rectum

31
Q

What are the functions and secretions of the liver?

A

1) secretes bile
2) removes old RBCs
3) processes metabolic nutrients (too much glucose turns into glycogen, amino acids turn into fatty acids, synthesize triglycerides)
4) processes metabolic nutrients between meals (glycogen to glucose, amino acids to glucose, fatty acids to ketones)
5) synthesize hormones
6) synthesize plasma proteins
7) elimination of wastes
8) store essential molecules

32
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

store and concentrate bile

33
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

synthesized in liver from cholesterol, secreted in bile to duodenum, amphipathic, emulsify fat (MAIN)

34
Q

What is the emulsification of a fat globule?

A

turns a really big fat droplet into lots of fats droplets which increases SA

35
Q

Why do bile salts bind to fat droplets in a certain manner?

A

nonpolar parts interact with fat, polar interact with water, so H2O surrounds fat droplets

36
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

secrete pancreatic juice

37
Q

What are the components of pancreatic juice?

A

zymogens - inactive enzymes (protease)
bicarbonate buffer juice
colipase - helps load lipase onto fats
enzymes - pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase

38
Q

What are zymogens?

A

enzymes that breakdown proteins, inactive storage form of proteases produced via exocrine acinar cells of pancreas (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase)
- stored in zymogen granules (secretory vesicles)
- secreted by exocytosis
- activated by proteolytic activation

39
Q

How do the zymogens travel to become activated?

A

1) DNA is turned into mRNA in nucleus of Acinar cell
2) mRNA translated into ribosome in rough ER
3) travels to golgi apparatus
4) enters secretory vesicles
5)exocytosis into pancreatic duct
6) joins bile duct at ampulla of vader
7) goes through sphincter of oddi
8) enters the duodenum
9)activates via prolytic activation

40
Q

What are endopeptidases?

A

enzymes breakdown and produce a small peptide, pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin

Physiology (3 decks)

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