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Physiology > Cells and Biomolecules > Flashcards

Cells and Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

ability to maintain a constant internal environment
- essential for survival of cells

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2
Q

What are examples of physiological properties that must be controlled?

A

body temperature, pH levels, blood pressure, blood volume, nutrients, wastes, gases

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3
Q

What happens if homeostasis fails?

A

disorders or disease which leads to death

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4
Q

What do feedback systems do?

A

detect change and respond to change

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5
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

restores change back to normal (returns, restores, back to normal)

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6
Q

Which feedback system is more common?

A

negative feedback loop, because it restores homeostasis

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7
Q

What does a positive feedback loop?

A

enhances the change, bigger change over time (ie contractions during child birth)

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8
Q

What are the players in negative feedback?

A

Stimulus, sensor, control center, effector, controlled variable

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9
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

a set point that is beyond the desirable range

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10
Q

What is a sensor?

A

also called a receptor, monitors the controlled variable for the set point, if different than the set point will inform the control center

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11
Q

what is the control center?

A

aka the Integrator, brain and spinal cord, compares the actual value to the set point, if they are different an error signal is generated

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12
Q

What is an effector?

A

muscles and glands, bring about desired response to restore the set point of the controlled variable

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13
Q

What is the controlled variable?

A

ex: blood pressure, factor held within a narrow range of physiological values

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14
Q

Order of negative feedback loops?

A

deviation –> sensor –> integrator –> effector –> compensatory response –> back to normal –> negative feedback shuts off system responsible for response

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15
Q

Which feedback system is responsible for maintenance of blood pressure?

A

negative feedback because it restores the change back to normal

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16
Q

What is the composition of carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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17
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A

based on number of sugar molecules
- monosaccharides - 1 sugar molecule (simple)
- disaccharides - 2 sugar molecules (simple)
complex sugar - polysaccharides

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18
Q

What are simple sugars, monosaccharides?

A

classified by number of carbon molecules, includes triose, pentose (ribose and deoxyribose), hexoses (glucose, fructose, galactose)
function: immediate source of energy

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19
Q

What happens when 2 monosaccharides are formed together?

A

dehydration synthesis creates a polymer and a product of water, the bond between 2 sugar molecules is a glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

all disaccharides have at least 1 glucose, includes maltose, sucrose, and lactose
function: short term energy source

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21
Q

What makes up maltose?

A

2 glucose

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22
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

a glucose and a fructose

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23
Q

what makes up lactose?

A

a galactose and a glucose

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24
Q

What are complex sugars?

A

only consist of glucose molecules, function is long term energy source
cellulose, starch, glycogen

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25
Q

what is cellulose?

A

plants, indigestible

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26
Q

What is starch?

A

plants, digestible, potatoes

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27
Q

What is glycogen?

A

animals, made and stored in liver and skeletal muscle

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28
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in any ratio

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29
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and prostaglandins

30
Q

Are lipids polar?

A

lipids are hydrophobic so they are nonpolar and will not dissolve in water

31
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains, stored in adipose tissue and liver (only a few), function long-term energy
- saturated vs unsaturated

32
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

maximum number of hydrogens, no double bonds between carbons, stack neatly and exist as a solid at room temperature

33
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

don’t have max number of hydrogens, double bonds between carbons, exist as liquid at room temp, healthier

34
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

function: form cell membrane - phospholipid bilayer
amphipathic - both polar and nonpolar, head interact with water, tails interact with each other

35
Q

What are the components of a phospholipid?

A

composed of head and 2 fatty acid tails
head - phosphate group and glycerol, charged, polar, hydrophilic
tail - uncharged, hydrophobic, lipophilic

36
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

consists of 4 interlocking rings with lots of functions
- in the membrane it adds stability and fluidity

37
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

anabolic reaction that uses energy to add monomers to make a polymer, aka condensation

38
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules necessary for life?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids/nucleotides

39
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

catabolic reaction that loses energy and adds water to break a polymer into a monomer

40
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

41
Q

Should we cut out all cholesterol in our diet?

A

no, there is good cholesterol that does various functions
LDL - low density lipoprotein (bad could lead to plaques in our arteries)
HDL - high density lipoprotein (good)

42
Q

What are products made from cholesterol?

A

steroids (type of hormone), vitamin D, and bile (made in liver and aids in digestion of fats)

43
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

one 5 carbon ring and 2 fatty acid tails, function - acts as signaling molecules

44
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

contains genetic info (DNA), blueprints for proteins

45
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

1) Synthesize lipids 2) store calcium ions

46
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

47
Q

What does the Rough ER do?

A

associated with protein synthesis via modification

48
Q

What does ribosomes do?

A

protein synthesis

49
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

separates ICF and ECF (extracellular fluid)

50
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

generates ATP, energy currency

51
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

packages material from the ER into secretory vesicles

52
Q

What does the lysosome do?

A

contains digestive enzymes that break down unwanted material (old organelles or foreign invaders)

53
Q

What does the peroxisome do?

A

detoxify materials via oxidations
materials –> H2O2 –> H2O

54
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

manufactures ribosomal RNA

55
Q

Which organelle is directly related to protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes

56
Q

What is the composition of proteins?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

57
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

amino acid

58
Q

What are the parts of an amino acid?

A

carboxyl group, amino group, central carbon, and R group (differentiates each amino acid)

59
Q

What bond are amino acids linked by?

A

peptide bond

60
Q

How do proteins fold?

A

1 prime - AA linked by polypeptide bonds
2 - H bonds of nearby AA
3 - attraction/repulsion of R groups (NP groups fold inward because they want away from H2O)
4 - multiple subunits come together

61
Q

What are the protein functions?

A

functions are determined by shape
- enzymes, structural support, immunity, muscle contraction, transport O2, energy, hormones

62
Q

What happens when a protein denatures?

A

cease all biological functions

63
Q

How can proteins change shape?

A

by breaking bonds

64
Q

What is the most common denaturation?

A

pH or temp.

65
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

CHONP

66
Q

What is a monomer of nucleic acids and what is it made of?

A

nucleotide - made of nitrogenous base, 1 or more phosphate groups, and a deoxyribose or ribose sugar (pentose sugar)

67
Q

What are the types of nitrogenous bases?

A

purines - A and G (double ringed)
pyrimidines - C, U, T (single ringed)

68
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate made of?

A

its a type of nucleotide
- base, 1 or more phosphate groups, and a pentose sugar

69
Q

What is DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, has chromosomes (genetic info), they are double helixed, deoxyribose is the sugar

70
Q

What is RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, has ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, involved in protein synthesis, single stranded, ribose as sugar

71
Q

As many as 2 million Americans suffer from mitochondrial disease. Which of the following may be affected?

A

ATP molecule (3 phosphate groups)

Physiology (3 decks)

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