digestion

Question 1

the main sites of secretion in the digestive system

Answer 1

the mouth, stomach, pancreas and liver

Question 2

main function of moist, pharynx and salivary glands

Answer 2

to start the digestion of food by chewing and breaking down food with saliva

Question 3

functions of saliva

Answer 3

break down of food, maintenance of oral health, provides mucus and thus keep the mouth moist

Question 4

salivary amylase

Answer 4

breaks down alpha 1-4 glucose-glucose bonds, breaks down starch and glycogen into glucose, maltotriose and alpha limit dextrins

Question 5

salivary lipase

Answer 5

convert triglycerides into fatty acids

Question 6

main functions of the stomach

Answer 6

to store food and churn food with gastric secretions (gastric juice)

Question 7

main functions of the pancreas

Answer 7

production of exocrine secretions = pancreatic juice (enzymes) and alkali secretions

Question 8

pancreatic amylase

Answer 8

is in active form, digests starch and glycogen to maltose maltotriose and dextrins

Question 9

pancreatic lipase

Answer 9

acts on water insoluble triglycerides

Question 10

colipase

Answer 10

cofactor that inhibits absorption of pancreatic lipase into lipids

Question 11

main functions of the liver

Answer 11

production and secretion of bile acid and alkaline fluid, detoxification and regulation of nutrient metabolism

Question 12

most important component of bile

Answer 12

bile acids

Question 13

bile functions

Answer 13

emulsification of fat particles, helps fat absorption by formation of micelles

Question 14

small intestine sections

Answer 14

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Question 15

duodenum

Answer 15

mixes secretions from pancreas, liver and itself with food, neutralises acids, digests further and has part in nutrient absorption

Question 16

jejunum

Answer 16

complete breakdown of nutrients and nutrient absorption

Question 17

ileum

Answer 17

nutrient absorption

Question 18

tissue type of mucosa of small intestine

Answer 18

epithelium

Question 19

components of small intestine epithelium

Answer 19

absorptive cells, goblet cells, glandular cells and endocrine cells

Question 20

absorptive cells

Answer 20

responsible for digestive enzyme production and absorption

Question 21

goblet cells

Answer 21

responsible for mucus production

Question 22

glandular cells

Answer 22

responsible for enzyme production

Question 23

endocrine cells

Answer 23

responsible for hormone production

Question 24

main mechanisms of absorption

Answer 24

passive absorption, facilitated transport and active transport

Question 25

digestion of proteins

Answer 25

starts in stomach to the small intestine, to the brush border of enzyme which breaks protein down into amino acids

Question 26

problem with fat digestion

Answer 26

fats are insoluble in water but the enzymes are in aqueous phase (need emulsifier)

Question 27

examples of emulsifying agents

Answer 27

bile acids, fatty acids and cholesterol

Question 28

digestion of fats

Answer 28

pancreatic lipase and co-lipade mixed with emulsified fat and bile acids convert triglycerides into 2-monoglycerides and fatty acids

Question 29

micelle structure

Answer 29

hydrophobic chain hydrocarbon link in the middle (hydrophobic core) and a ring of hydrophilic heads is formed

Question 30

fatty acid absorption

Answer 30

diffusion without micelle formation

Question 31

central lacteal

Answer 31

structure in microvilli where fats are absorbed

Question 32

main functions of the large intestine

Answer 32

absorption of water, vitamin k and electrolytes, stores faecal matter

Question 33

effects of disturbance in gut bacteria

Answer 33

gut disease, allergy risk, diabetes and brain disorders

Question 34

function if gut microbiota

Answer 34

produces short chain fatty acids from carb fermentation