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Nutrition 1 Part 2 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause low stomach acid production?

A 
chronic stress
low zinc and B6
autoimmune gastritis
medications PPIs
Helicobacter Pylori
ageing
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2
Q

How can you test for stomach acid?

A

First thing in the morning, mix 1/2 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda with water and swallow. Sufficient stomach acid would result in belching after 2-3 mins. Excess would be earlier, no belching in 3 mins, stomach acid is low.

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3
Q

What is the consequence of low stomach acid?

A

Poor protein breakdown resulting in putrefaction in small intestines, resulting in polyamines implicated in colorectal cancer. Undigested food allows bacteria to grow in small intestine resulting in SIBO.
Less intrinsic factor so poor B12 absorption.

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4
Q

What are the signs of low stomach acid?

A

Bloating, belching, flatulence, abdominal pain and fullness after eating.

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5
Q

How can you increase stomach acid?

A
  1. ACV in water bfore meals
  2. Bitters 15-20 minutes before meals (barberry bark, gentian, dandelion and golden seal, watercress, rocket
  3. Zinc and B6 rich foods
  4. Plenty of fruit and veg
  5. Avoid overeating
  6. Fermented veg
  7. Himalayan sea salt for chloride
  8. Cayenne and ginger
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6
Q

Which hormone is released from the duodenum wall triggering the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

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7
Q

How much of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine?

A

90%

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine and what happens in each?

A

Duodenum - digestion aided by influx of pancreatic juices and bile
Jejunum - absorption of sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins
Ileum - B12 absorbed

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9
Q

What are the 3 brush border enzymes and what is their role?

A

Maltase, sucrase, lactase break down double-chained carbs and dipeptidase breaks down double bond proteins so they can be absorbed.

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10
Q

Why should you not overeat?

A

Your digestive juices are used up so not all food can be digested leading to malnutrition. Eating junk food leads to cravings as the body needs nutrients - eating more junk food makes the issue worse.
Organs including the stomach and pancreas are under stress due to the constant demand for digestive juices. Energy is directed away from healing/repair increasing risk of disease.

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11
Q

How much of your daily energy is used up digesting and absorbing food if you’re eating a nutritious, balanced diet? What does it rise to if you eat more junk food and dense proteins?

A

10% rising to 50%

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12
Q

Name 3 ways to support your digestive health

A

No more than 3 meals a day
No snacking
Don’t drink water with your meals

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13
Q

What did Jensen find to be the effect of overeating?

A

Undigested food was stored in the lining of the intestines impairing the absorption and delivery of nutrients and creating an optimal environment for parasites and candida.
Detox is key to aid elimination and fasting with veg broths.

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14
Q

What is stored and released by the gallbladder?

A

Bile

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15
Q

What is bile made up of?

A

Water and bile salts, cholesterol and bilirubin.

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16
Q

What does bile aid the digestion and absorption of?

A

Fats. Bile breaks lipids into smaller molecules, increasing the surface area for pancreatic lipase.

17
Q

What are the 4 functions of bile?

A
  1. Fat emulsification
  2. Carries detoxed products from the liver
  3. Stimulates peristalsis
  4. Excretes excess cholesterol
18
Q

What happens to bile if a person is avoiding fat in their diet?

A

The amount of bile produced is reduced leading to constipation and allowing toxins to be reabsorbed.

19
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A
  1. Filters 1.4 litres of blood every minute
  2. Stores carbs, fats, iron and vits A,D,E,K and B12 to be released into blood and available to cells as required.
  3. Detox and deactivates hormones
20
Q

Describe Phase 1 liver detoxification

A

Phase 1 converts volatile toxins into smaller substances that are water soluble.
CYP450 enzymes create an active binding site on the toxin or hormone so it can be conjugated. By Phase 1 the toxin is oxidised. Free radicals are formed and must be neutralised by antioxidants - Glutathione (tripeptide made from l-cysteine, glutamate and glycine) Vits ACE.

21
Q

Describe Phase 2 liver detoxification

A

Involves conjugation where chemical reactions modify reactive toxins to make them safe and excretable. Sulphur, magnesium and B vits are needed for this. The bound toxins are pumped into blood or bile for excretion via kidneys and bowels.

22
Q

What are the functions of the microflora in the large intestine?

A
  1. final stage of nutrient extraction, creating odorous by-products methane and hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. Excess flatulence with smell is a sign of poor digestion earlier in GIT.
  2. Synthesizes Biotin and K2
  3. GALT crucial for effective immunity
  4. Regulates satiety/appetite
  5. Mood regulation
23
Q

How can the intestinal barrier be damaged, causing SIBO or leaky gut?

A
  1. Poor nutrition
  2. Heavy metals plus pesticides
  3. Drugs NSAIDS, antibiotics, corticosteriods, vaccines
  4. Excessive stress
  5. Dysbiosis and candida overgrowth
  6. Alcohol and smoking
  7. Radiation and chemo
  8. Early weaning
24
Q

What can cause dysbiosis, imbalance in bowel flora?

A 
Vitamin, mineral, amino acid insufficiencies
Malabsorption of cards and fats
IBS Crohns
Colorectal cancer
Alzheimers and Parkinsons
Autoimmunity, allergies
Obesity, mood disorders
25
Q

What is the Migrating Motor Complex?

A

Electromechanical activity in smooth muscle between stomach and distal ileum, sweeps residual undigested food through the digestive tube, assisting in preventing SIBO

26
Q

How can we support MMC?

A
  1. Avoid over-eating
  2. Minimise heavy proteins
  3. Leave longer gaps between meals
  4. Chew better
  5. Intermittent fasting
  6. Prokinetics (ginger, artichoke)
    7Diaphragmatic breathing
27
Q

How does cancer occur?

A

Through genetic mutations that leads to rapid and uncontrolled cell division

28
Q

What environment does cancer thrive in?

A

Acidic
Anaerobic
Glucose-rich - malignant cells are dependent on glucose for their own metabolism

29
Q

90-95% of cancers are attributed to lifestyle and environment - what are these risk factors?

A 
Chronic inflammations
Radiation
Compromised detox
Chronic stress
Smoking
Medications
Heavy metals
30
Q

What are the dietary risk factors for cancer?

A 
Low fruit/veg intake
High red meat (non organic / charcoal / smoked
Burnt starchy foods
Low fibre
N-nitriso compounds (cured meat)
Refined sugar
Dairy
Table salt, artificial sweeteners

Nutrition 1 Part 2 (3 decks)

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