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AP Bio > Diffusion, Water Potential, and Organelles > Flashcards

Diffusion, Water Potential, and Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Allows substances to enter or exit the cell

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Provides structure in plants, made of cellulose and prevents the cell from bursting.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Organelles are suspended in this, consists of cytosol (semi liquid, contains ions and small molecules). Most reactions take place there.

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA storage, control center of the cell.

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

Links amino acids to make proteins, can be attached to the ER or free floating.

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6
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins. Continuous channel.

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7
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes, produces lipids, hormones, and steroids, breaks down toxic chemicals.

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8
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Attached to the nucleus and studded with ribosomes, produces proteins that can be transported across the cell membrane or used to build organelles.

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9
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Modify, process, and sort proteins. They are packaged in sacs (vesicles) for transport.

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, converts energy from organic molecules into energy for the cell (ATP).

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11
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break down old organelles, debris, or large particles (clean up crew).

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

Store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments.

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13
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contain chlorophyll, involved in photosynthesis.

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14
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

All cells have highly selective membranes that only allow certain substances to enter, and sometimes requires assistance. Whether a substance can enter or leave is determined by the membrane’s permeability.

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15
Q

How are molecules that cross the membrane selected? (4)

A
  1. Size- some molecules are too large
  2. Polarity- polar or nonpolar, can be determined by shape. Small nonpolar (O2), small polar (H2O) molecules cross on their own, while large polar molecules (glucose) require assistance.
  3. Electrical charge- ions (Ca, Na, K) can’t pass freely across the membrane.
  4. Lipid solubility- the membrane is made of phospholipids, and polar molecules typically aren’t soluble.
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16
Q

Passive Transport

A

Doesn’t require cell to use its own energy supply to transport across the membrane. Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move down a concentration gradient (from areas of high to low concentration). Matter is constantly in motion during diffusion, even during equilibrium at equal rates.

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18
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Helps to transport ions down concentration gradient using ion channels or transport proteins. Charge on either side of the membrane is important. Aquaporins are water specific channels.

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water down a concentration gradient, can serve to dilute a solution.

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20
Q

Hypertonic

A

More dissolved solutes than the cell (solution is more concentrated than the cell’s cytoplasm). The cell will lose water in this environment.

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21
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less dissolved solutes than the cell (solution is less concentrated). The cell will gain water and can burst (in animals).

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22
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute concentrations are equal.

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23
Q

How do plants encourage uptake of water?

A

By maintaining a concentrated vacuole (hypertonic condition). Entrance of water creates hydrostatic/turgor pressure.

24
Q

Active Transport

A

Characterized by movement of material against concentration gradient (low to high concentration). Expenditure of the cell’s energy- transport proteins use ATP. Demonstrated by sodium potassium pumps.

25
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Transmembranal and highly specific. Work through conformational changes and are more efficient when large amounts of molecules are present. Used for hydrophilic molecules such as ions.

26
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Don’t have a channel, but a binding site for the solute.

27
Q

Types of carrier proteins (3)

A
  1. Uniport- carry a single solute
  2. Symport/coport- translocate 2 different solutes simultaneously
  3. Antiports- exchange 2 solutes by transporting one in and one out.
28
Q

Sodium Potassium Pumps

A

Actively transports potassium into the cell and sodium out. Example of active transport using an antiport protein- moves 3 sodium out for every 2 potassium that comes in.

29
Q

Endocytosis

A

Used when molecules are too large to cross a membrane. Cell membrane invaginates to form a vesicle containing material from the outside. Mediated by cell surface receptors. Once internalized, the vesicle may go to the lysosome to be degraded.

30
Q

Exocytosis

A

Large molecules such as waste or specific secretions are transported out of the cell. A membrane bound vesicle from the inside of the cell fuses to the plasma membrane to release its contents to the exterior. Vesicle is kept separate from cytoplasm by vesicle membrane.

31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell ingests liquids

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell ingests solids

33
Q

What happens to plant cells in pure water?

A

Cells will become turgid (hypotonic solution) which will increase turgor pressure and cause water to diffuse out of the cell, maintaining equilibrium.

34
Q

Water potential

A

The measure of energy available for reaction or movement, also measures the ability of water to move. Represented by psi (trident).

35
Q

Components of water potential (2).

A

Osmotic potential due to solutes and pressure potential due to turgor pressure. As one variable increases, the other decreases.

36
Q

What is pressure potential of pure water?

A
  1. Pressure potential is negative for all solutions.
37
Q

What direction does water flow?

A

Toward more negative water potential.

38
Q

What would a very negative water potential mean?

A

High amount of solutes and high concentration, low pressure. Water moves towards high concentrations to dilute them.

39
Q

Pressure potential of water in an open beaker would be

A

0

40
Q

A hypertonic solution has what type of water potential?

A

Low

41
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Allows exchange of materials to occur, larger is best (smaller cell).

42
Q

Why are many cells required?

A

Allows for specialization

43
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Makes up cell membranes,Hydrophobic/nonpolar fatty acid tails face inward and hydrophilic phosphate heads face outward.

44
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Organelles that detoxify various substances and produce hydrogen peroxide as a waste product, and produce enzymes that break it down into water. Common in liver and kidney cells in animals.

45
Q

Centrioles

A

Organelles that produce microtubules to pull chromosomes apart during cell division.

46
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Do not contain membrane bound organelles. Have ribosomes, cell wall, and plasma membrane. Bacteria is an example. Have DNA in a nucleiod, which is not a nucleus.

47
Q

Bulk Flow

A

One way movement of fluids brought about by pressure, such as movement of blood through vessels.

48
Q

Dialysis

A

Movement of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane. Special membranes of holes of a certain size to sort substances by diffusion. Substances present in high levels will naturally diffuse out of the blood.

49
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region of the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

50
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein fibers that support the cell.

51
Q

Microtubules

A

Composed of protein tubulin, shape and support the cell and provide tracks for organelles to move.

52
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of protein actin, involved with movement

53
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

More permanent structures that maintain cellular shape and position of organelles.

54
Q

Types of intercellular junctions (3)

A
  1. Tight junctions- areas of cells where membranes are fused.
  2. Desmosomes- fasten cells together in strong sheets
  3. Gap junctions provide channels between adjacent cells that allow ions and molecules to pass through.
55
Q

Cotransport

A

An ATP pump that transports a specific solute indirectly drives the active transport of other substances.

AP Bio (4 decks)

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