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Physiology I > Diffusion and Osmosis > Flashcards

Diffusion and Osmosis Flashcards

1
Q

simple diffusion is an example of what

A

passive transport

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2
Q

if there is lower concentration on right and higher on left side of membrane, there is a what

A

concentration gradient

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3
Q

if there is lower concentration on right and higher on left side of membrane, what direction will solute do

A

go downhill, towards right.

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4
Q

what is goal of solute

A

equalize its concentration. it does this by going down concentration gradient until there is none concentration gradient

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5
Q

what factors can affect simple diffusion

A

concentration gradient*

the level of gradient, it will move faster the biggere the concentration gradient

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6
Q

potassium is 140 inside the cell and 4 outside the cell, which is a gradient for potassium to leave cell. if the potassium outside if 50, what does that mean

A

less potassium ions will move out of cell, so there is not as great of flux b/c of reduced concentration gradient, so the rate of flux of solute will be affected

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7
Q

draw graph of net flux vs. concentration gradient

A

pg 10 ppt

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8
Q

What is Fick’s first law of diffusion

A

J = DA(Ca-Cb)/ ∆X

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9
Q

What does J stand for in Fick’s 1st law of diffusion

A

flow of solute from region A to region B in the solution

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10
Q

What does D stand for in Fick’s fist law of diffusion

A

diffusion coefficient of the solute in a given solvent

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11
Q

What does A stand for in Fick’s first law of diffusion

A

cross-sectional area thru which the flow of solute is measured

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12
Q

if number in denominator is bigger what happens to flux

A

flux goes down

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13
Q

if number in numberator is bigger what happens

A

flux goes up

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14
Q

What does Ca-Cb stand for in fick’s first law

A

the difference in [solute] between regions A & B

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15
Q

What does ∆X stand for in fick’s first law of diffusion

A

the distance between regions A and B (membrane thickness)

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16
Q

what does membrane thickness do to flux

A

The thinner the membrane, the more permeable it is to various molecules

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17
Q

what does temperature do to flux

A

The higher the temperature, the greater the permeability. This factor is rarely important because of the constancy of temperature in the human body

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18
Q

an electrical potential difference across a cell membrane will cause what even if there is not a concentration gradietn

A

movement of ions

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19
Q

anion on inside, cations outside, where will a negative charged ion go

A

outside

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20
Q

really high lipid solubility, high

A

permeability

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21
Q

more lipid a solute is:

A

faster flux

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22
Q

The thinner the membrane, the more:

A

permeable it is to various molecules

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23
Q

Name three times that D (the diffusion coefficient) decreases

A

temp. decreases
size of molecule increases
viscosity of solvent increaes

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24
Q

The smaller the molecule, what happens to permeability?

A

increases

smaller= more permeable

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25
Q

The larger and more irregularly shaped the molecule, what happens to permeability?

A

decreases

lower permeability

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26
Q

If there is no concentration gradient, but there is electrical potential, what will happen?

A

ion will move across membrane

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27
Q

what is the permeability coefficient (P)

A

includes the membrane thickness, diffusion coefficient of solute within the membrane, solubility of solute in the membrane

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28
Q

what does P stand for

A

permeability coefficient

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29
Q

what is equation with the permeability coeffieicent

A

J = PA(∆C)

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30
Q

higher lipid soluble, what will happen via cell membrane

A

faster it will translocate across cell membrane

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31
Q

the bigger the molecule, what happens to P (permeability)

A

lower

the harder it is for solute molecule to get across

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32
Q

why does thickness of membrane slow down flux

A

the solute has to move across more space, takes a long time for it to move across

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33
Q

water will always move in which direction regarding solute concentration

A

toward highest solute concentration

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34
Q

what is van’t hoff’s equation

A

pi = nCRT

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35
Q

what does R stand for

A

ideal gas constant

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36
Q

What does t stand for

A

absolute temperature

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37
Q

What does C stand for

A

the molar concentration of solute

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38
Q

what does n stand for

A

number of ions formed by dissociation of a solute molecule

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39
Q

what does pi stand for

A

osmotic pressure

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40
Q

always assume cell osmolarity is what

A

290mOsm/L

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41
Q

75 sodium chloride is how what osmolarity

A

150 mOsm/L

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42
Q

at physiologic concentrations the molecules can’t do what

A

completely exert their osmotic pressure

43
Q

because molecules don’t completely associate they introduce what

A

osmotic coeffeicient

44
Q

What does Φ mean

A

what amount can use its force

45
Q

what does Φ stand for

A

osmotic coefficient

46
Q

what is normal osmolarity range in ECF

A

275-300 mOsm/L

47
Q

what is normal cell osmolarity in ICF

A

300 mOsm/L

48
Q

every day, intake of water has to equal

A

outake

49
Q

how does intake of water equal outake

A

homeostatic control mechanisms

50
Q

ADH stands for

A

anti-diahretic hormon

51
Q

what does ADH do

A

you will retain water, won’t urinate as much. thirst mechanism stimulated. try to bring back water balance

52
Q

define osmolarity

A

osmolarity in ECF as it relates to cell osmolarity

53
Q

what is isoosmotic solution

A

total osmotic presssure of solution is equal to that of the cell
300 outside

54
Q

what happens to water movement in isoosmotic solution

A

no water movement

55
Q

hyperosmotic solution

A

greater amount of solute molecules oustide the cell

water moves outside cell into ECF

56
Q

what happens to water in hyperosmotic solution

A

it moves to ECF

cell volume shrinks

57
Q

hypoosmotic solution

A

solute is lower outside than inside cell
water moves into cell
hypo it’s gonna blow

58
Q

what happens to water movement in hypoosmotic solution

A

water moves into cell

59
Q

transient changes happen when in regards to cell volume

A

first

60
Q

what is transient change

A

temporary, not permanent change, responds changes in extracellular concentration of permeant solutes

61
Q

transient changes caused by

A

permeant solutes

62
Q

what is example of permeant solutes

A

urea

63
Q

tonicity of solution is determined by what

A

impermeant solues

64
Q

what does tonicity determine

A

steady-state cell volume

65
Q

isoosmotic solution & isotonic solution

A

no transient change in cell volume

no change of steady state cell volume

66
Q

what hypotonicity do you have to have to burst the cells?

A

if you half the concentration of sodium chloride you will burst 50% of the cells

67
Q

if cells are super hypertonic what are they called

A

creamated

68
Q

what happens when water is added to ECF

ECF & ICF osmolarity & volume and what happens to cell

A 
cells will swell
ECF volume: 	increase
ECF osmolarity: decrease
ICF volume:	increase
ICF osmolarity: 	decrease
69
Q

what is first thing that is going to hapen when water is added to ECF

A

ECF expanded

70
Q

what happens to osmolarity when water added ECF

A

it decreases b/c more water is added to it diltues it

71
Q

more water in ECF than ICF what will happen

A

water will go to ICF, cells will swell

72
Q

SIADH stands for what

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion

73
Q

What happens in SIADH

A

too much ADHD secreted

ECF diluted

74
Q

what is hyponatremia

A

if sodium goes below 135 mEq/L

75
Q

who is most likely to have hyponatremia

A

Infants, elderly, military personnel, marathon runners

76
Q

What is the major determinant of osmolality in ECF?

A

Na+

77
Q

What is the major determinant of osmolality in ICF?

A

K+

78
Q

if ECF is 140 mM NaCl what is the tonicity?

A

isotonic

79
Q

If ECF is 100 mM NaCl what is the tonicity?

A

hypotonic

80
Q

If ECF is 180 mM NaCl what is the tonicity?

A

hypertonic

81
Q

urea is an example of what kind of solute

A

permeant

82
Q

adding urea to ECF will cause what response?

A

increase ECF osmolality
initially will shrink cells
eventually it will equilibriate across cell membrane - cells back to initial volume

83
Q

what is a permeant solute

A

give rise to temporary change in osmotic pressure

84
Q

what affect does isotonic or normal saline in IV have when added to ECF

A

fluid will stay in ECF b/c it’s isotonic, ultimately it expands ECF

85
Q

What are the affects to ECF & ICF volume & osmolarity when isotonic/normal saline are added

A

ECF volume: increase ECF osmolarity: no change ICF volume: no change ICF osmolarity: no change

86
Q

what affect does adding hypertonic saling to ECF have?

A

osmolarity greatly increases initially
fluid drawn out of cells
cells srhink

87
Q

what are affects to ECF & ICF volume & osmolarity when hypertonic saline to ECF is added

A

ECF volume: increase ECF osmolarity: increase ICF volume: decrease ICF osmolarity: increase

88
Q

anytime concentration of sodium is less than 135 mEq/L what is it

A

hyponatremia

89
Q

hyponatremia, what is happening

A

too much water in ECF so diluting electorlight

90
Q

describe SIADH

A

too much ADH - too much water, will dilute electorlites

91
Q

what is normal saline

A

140-145 mM (or round to 150)

92
Q

when would you give hypertonic saline

A

when you want water to move out of cell - pt has very low sodium (hyponatremia)

93
Q

in hypotonic solution what is happening

A

less sodium chloride than normal so water goes into cell, cell swells

94
Q

what does RVI stand for

A

regulatory volume increase

95
Q

what does RVD stand for

A

regulatory volume decrease

96
Q

if cell swells what mechanism is put in place

A

RVD

97
Q

if cell shrinks what mechanism is put in place

A

RVI

98
Q

RVD mechanism - what happens

A

solutes go out, so potasium, Cl- etc will leave cell so water follows

99
Q

what feedback mechanism is RVD

A

negative feedback mechanism so volume goes back to normal

100
Q

in RVI what happens

A

solutes go into cell so water follows

so K+, 2Cl, Na+ etc goes into cell

101
Q

for RVD what is the main solute moving

A

mainly potassium transport

102
Q

for RVI what is main solute moving

A

mainly sodium moving

103
Q

what is decreased skin turgor

A

skin isn’t flexible

Physiology I (9 decks)

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