Difficult Words

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

Back

Question 2

Ookinete A motile

Answer 2

zygote-like stage in the life cycle of some parasitic protozoans, such as the malarial parasite Plasmodium. It is formed by the fusion of a male and female gamete and is responsible for penetrating the gut wall of a mosquito and migrating to the mosquito’s salivary glands.

Question 3

Oocyst A thin-walled

Answer 3

structure in which sporozoites develop within the mosquito during the life cycle of Plasmodium.

Question 4

Sporozoite An infective

Answer 4

stage of the Plasmodium parasite that is found in the salivary glands of an infected mosquito. When a mosquito bites a human, sporozoites are injected into the bloodstream and initiate the malarial infection.

Question 5

Gametocytes The sexual

Answer 5

stage of the Plasmodium parasite, which develops in the red blood cells of a human host. When ingested by a mosquito, gametocytes differentiate into male and female gametes, which fuse to form a zygote, initiating the next stage of the parasite’s life cycle.

Question 6

Merzoites The daughter

Answer 6

cells produced by the asexual reproduction of sporozoites in the liver cells and later in red blood cells during the Plasmodium life cycle.

Question 7

Erythrocytic cycle The

Answer 7

stage of the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs within red blood cells (RBCs).

Question 8

Pre-erythrocytic cycle The

Answer 8

stage of the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in the liver cells of a human host.

Question 9

Algid malaria A severe

Answer 9

form of malaria characterized by a rapid development of shock, extensive vascular involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and other abdominal viscera, circulatory collapse with markedly low blood pressure, cold skin, and clammy, peripheral veins constricted.

Question 10

Blackwater fever An acute

Answer 10

life-threatening complication of malaria characterized by massive lysis of red blood cells, high levels of free haemoglobin and breakdown products of haemoglobin in the blood and urine. It is also characterized by renal insufficiency, prostrating chills, profuse vomiting, and jaundice. The urine is dark-red to black, hence the name of the condition. Renal failure is usually the cause of death. Damage to kidney is thought to result from reducing efficiency of glomerular filtration and resorption from the renal tubules.

Question 11

Hypoglycemia A condition

Answer 11

where there is a reduced concentration of blood glucose, a common symptom in falciparum malaria.

Question 12

Lysis The breakdown

Answer 12

or disintegration of cells, tissues, or other biological structures. This can occur due to various factors, including disease, trauma, or chemical exposure.

Question 13

Renal Relating to

Answer 13

the kidneys. The term is often used in medical contexts to describe conditions, diseases, or procedures that affect the kidneys.

Question 14

Gastrointestinal Relating to

Answer 14

the stomach and intestines, which make up the digestive system. This term is commonly used to describe conditions, diseases, or procedures that affect the digestive tract.

Question 15

Anorexia A loss

Answer 15

of appetite, often resulting in weight loss.

Question 16

Malaise A general

Answer 16

feeling of discomfort, illness, or fatigue.

Question 17

Endemic A disease

Answer 17

that is constantly present in a particular population or region.

Question 18

Trophzoites The active

Answer 18

feeding stage of a parasite, such as Plasmodium.

Question 19

Schizonts A stage

Answer 19

in the development of some parasites, such as Plasmodium, where the parasite multiplies asexually within a host cell.

Question 20

Immunochromatographic A type

Answer 20

of rapid diagnostic test that uses antibodies to detect specific substances in a sample.

Question 21

Monoclonal antibodies Antibodies produced

Answer 21

by identical immune cells that are specific to a single target antigen.

Question 22

Histidine-rich protein II A

Answer 22

water-soluble protein produced by trophozoites and young (but not mature) gametocytes of the P. falciparum malaria parasite.

Question 23

Parasite lactate dehydrogenase An

Answer 23

enzyme produced by asexual and sexual stages (gametocytes) of malaria parasites.

Question 24

Aldolase An enzyme

Answer 24

involved in the glycolytic pathway (the process of breaking down sugar for energy) that is present in all four species of malaria parasite.

Question 25

Trophozoites The active

Answer 25

feeding stage of a parasite, such as Plasmodium.

Question 26

Gametocytes The sexual

Answer 26

stage of the Plasmodium parasite.

Question 27

Antigen A substance

Answer 27

that triggers an immune response in the body.

Question 28

Prophylaxis Measures taken

Answer 28

to prevent the development of disease.

Question 29

Chemoprophylaxis Using antimalarial

Answer 29

drugs regularly to prevent malaria.

Question 30

Anthropophily The preference

Answer 30

of a vector (like a mosquito) for biting humans.

Question 31

Zoophily The preference

Answer 31

of a vector for biting animals.

Question 32

Endophagy The tendency

Answer 32

for a vector to bite indoors.

Question 33

Exophagy The tendency

Answer 33

for a vector to bite outdoors.

Question 34

Endophily The tendency

Answer 34

for a vector to rest indoors.

Question 35

Exophily The tendency

Answer 35

for a vector to rest outdoors.

Question 36

Imago The adult

Answer 36

stage of an insect, such as a mosquito.

Question 37

Larval Relating to

Answer 37

the larva stage of an insect, which is the stage between the egg and adult.

Question 38

Cutaneous leishmaniasis A form

Answer 38

of leishmaniasis that primarily affects the skin, causing ulcers or nodules.

Question 39

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis A more

Answer 39

severe form of leishmaniasis that affects both the skin and mucous membranes, particularly the nose, mouth, and pharynx.

Question 40

Leishmaniasis braziliensis A specific

Answer 40

type of leishmaniasis caused by the parasite Leishmania braziliensis, common in South America.

Question 41

Visceral leishmaniasis A serious

Answer 41

form of leishmaniasis that affects the internal organs, especially the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. It is also known as kala-azar.

Question 42

Leishmania donovani A species

Answer 42

of parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis.

Question 43

Zoonotic A disease

Answer 43

that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Question 44

Anthropozoonotic A disease

Answer 44

that can be transmitted from humans to animals and back to humans.

Question 45

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis A late

Answer 45

complication of visceral leishmaniasis that manifests as a skin rash, usually after treatment for kala-azar.

Question 46

Maculo-papular A type

Answer 46

of skin rash characterized by flat, red spots (macules) and small, raised bumps (papules).

Question 47

Splenomegaly Enlargement of

Answer 47

the spleen.