differentiation (animals) Flashcards

1
Q

what is differentiation

A

process by which a cell becomes specialised to its function by the expression of particular genes

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2
Q

how are blood cells specialised (erythrocytes)

A

-small so large SA:vol ratio for gas exchange
-no nucleus and full of haemoglobin
-biconcave

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3
Q

how are white blood cells specialised (neutrophils)

A

-contain lobed nucleus = flexible to squeez through tissue
-attracted to infected sites by chemotaxis
-many lysosomes in cytoplasm containing digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles

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4
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

A

-many mitochondria for propulsion
-acrosome digestive enzymes to break down lining of egg
-head contains haploid male gamete nucleus

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5
Q

how is squamous epithelium specialised

A

-line surfaces e.g lungs

-flattened cells = thin for diffusion of gases

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6
Q

how is ciliated epithelium specialised

A

-found in airways
-cilia can move to waft mucous out of the airways

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7
Q

what are some types of animal tissue

A

-epithelium tissue
-connective tissue (cartilage)
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

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8
Q

what are the features and functions of epithelium tissue

A

-lining tissue
-cells very close to eachother and form continuous sheets
-no blood vessels within

-carry out function of protection, absorption, filtration, excretion and secretion

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9
Q

what are the features and functions of muscle tissue

A

-specialised to contract
-has many blood vessels= because they are metabolically active and require an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients
-fibres elongated and contain special organelles called myofilaments made of protein; actin and myosin = allow muscle tissue to contract

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10
Q

what are the features and functions of connective tissue / catilage

A

-hold structures together, provides support

-consists of non-living extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastin and polysaccharides = enables it to withstand forces e.g weight

-examples- cartilage, bones, tendons, blood, ligaments

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11
Q

what are the features and functions of nervous tissue

A

made up of elongated cells with the ability to generate and conduct electrical impulses
-for ; sensory input, integration and communication to control muscles and glands, homeostasis and mental activity

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12
Q

what are the three types of muscles
explain

A

-skeletal; attached to the skeleton, for movement, packaged by connective tissue joined o bones by tendons

-cardiac; make up walls of heart , allow heart to beat and pump blood around

-smooth; in walls of intestine, blood vessels , uterus and urinary tracks, helps with digestion and nutrient collection

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13
Q

what are the types of cartilage and where are they

A

-hyaline- forms c shaped rings of trachea, embryonic skeleton and found in nose and ends of long bones

-fibrous - occurs between vertebrae discs and the knee

-elastic - makes up the outer ear and epiglottis

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