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Differentials Flashcards

1
Q

Anaemia

causes

A
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2
Q

Anaemia

differentials

A
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3
Q

Arthritis

differentials

A
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4
Q

Ascites

differential

A
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5
Q

Cardiac failure

differentials

A
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6
Q

Cardiac mumur location

differential

A
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7
Q

Cardiac mumur

differential

A
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8
Q

Cerebral palsy

differentials

A

Birth insult: hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, prematurity (PVL)

Structural: cerebral malformation

Infection: TORCH, encephalitis, meningitis, MELAS

Vascular: malformation, stroke (ischaemic, haem)

Trauma: TBI, birth trauma

Toxin: kernicterus

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9
Q

Cardiac summary

A
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10
Q

CKD

differentials

A

congenital renal anomalies (57%)

  • obstructive uropathy
  • renal aplasia/hypoplasia/dysplasia
  • reflux nephropathy
  • PCKD

glomerular disease (17%)

  • FSGS

other (25%)

  • HUS
  • genetic (cystinosis, hereditary nephritis)
  • interstitial nephritis
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11
Q

Coagulopathy

differentials

A
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12
Q

Congenital heart disease

differential

A
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13
Q

CP

subtypes

A
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14
Q

Cranial nerve palsies

differential

A
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15
Q

Cushing’s

differential

A
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16
Q

Delayed puberty

differentials

A
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17
Q

Developmental delay

differentials

A

C ME SIT

Cerebral malformations: neuronal migration disorders/Cerebral palsy

Metabolic: PKU, MCAD, urea cycle disorders

Endocrine: hypothyroidism/Environmental: neglect, abuse

Syndrome/genetic: T21, Angelman’s, Rett’s, TS, NF

Infections: TORCH, meningitis

Toxins: maternal alcohol/drug use, lead/Traumatic: TBI

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18
Q

Eyes issues

differentials

A
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19
Q

Facial paralysis

differentials

A

Neoplastic: central, parotic or acoustic tumours, leukaemia

Bell’s palsy/GBS

Infection/Ischaemia: OM, Lyme disease, viral (VZV, HSV, EBV), mycoplasma, mastoiditis

Trauma: birth, temporal bone fracture, swelling facial nerve, surgery

Congenital: moebius, vascular anomaly, Goldenhar

Hypertension

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20
Q

Floppy infant

differentials

A
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21
Q

FTT

differentials

A
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22
Q

Gait

differential

A
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23
Q

Generalised lymphadenopathy

differentials

A
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24
Q

Glomerulonephritis

differentials

A
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25
Q

Goitre

differentials

A

Congenital

  • inborn errors of thyroid production
  • transplacental Ab
  • maternal antithyroid medications
  • activating TSH receptor mutations
  • tumour: teratoma

Acquired

  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • colloid (AD)
  • iodine deficiency
  • acute suppurative thyroiditis
  • infiltrative: histiocytosis
  • grave’s
  • toxic adenoma
  • thyroid cyst
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26
Q

Hemiplegia

differentials

A
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27
Q

Hepatomegaly

differentials

A
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28
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly

causes

A

Connective tissue: SLE

Haem: myeloproliferative, leuk, lymph, sickle cell

Infection: viral, EBV, CMV

Infiltrative: amyloid/sarcoidosis

Portal HTN

29
Q

Hydrocephalus

differentials

A

Non-communicating (obstructive)

congenital:

  • aquaductal stenosis
  • NT defects
  • Chiari malformations
  • arachnoid cysts

acquired

  • CNS infection
  • tumours
  • trauma
  • haemorrhage

Communicating

e

30
Q

Hypermobility

differentials

A

Fibrillin/TGF: Marfan’s

Collagen: Ehler Danlos/Stickler syndrome/Osteogenesis Imp.

Elastin: Pseudo xanthoma

31
Q

Hypertension

causes

32
Q

Hypertension

complications

33
Q

Hypertension

investigations

34
Q

Hyperthyroidism

differentials

35
Q

Hypothyroidism

differentials

36
Q

Jaundice in child

37
Q

Large kidney/s

38
Q

Macrocephaly

differentials

39
Q

Marcus Gunn Pupil

-relative afferent pupillary defect-

A

Optic nerve (UNILATERAL ONLY):

  • neuritis, ischemia, trauma, tumour, compression, infection, inflammation, atrophy

Retina:

  • ischaemia, retinal detachment, retinal detachment, intraocular tumour

Amblyopia

40
Q

Metabolic liver disease

differentials

41
Q

Microcephaly

differentials

42
Q

Monocular blindness

A

causes:

  • amblyopia
  • trauma
  • congenital (globe anomaly)
  • nutritional (vitamin A Deficiency)
  • infective (toxoplasmosis)
43
Q

Monocular diplopia

44
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

45
Q

Nephrotic versus Nephritic syndrome

46
Q

Nystagmus

localisation

47
Q

Obesity

differentials

48
Q

Oculomotor palsies

differential

49
Q

Papilloedema

differentials

50
Q

Pleural effusion

differential

51
Q

Precocious puberty

differentials

52
Q

Precocious puberty

differentials

53
Q

Prematurity

complications

54
Q

Ptosis

differential

A

Congenital:

  • dystrophic: mechanical/neuro defect
  • non dystrophic: simple

Acquired:

  • neurogenic: CN III, Horner’s, Marcus Gunn
  • myogenic: progressive external opthalmoplegia, MG
  • mechanical: lid tumours, lacerations
  • infections: encephalitis
  • syndromes: SWS, NG
  • drugs: vincristine
55
Q

Ptosis

differentials

56
Q

Puberty

investigations

57
Q

Raised ICP

differentials

58
Q

Renal mass

59
Q

Scoliosis

differentials

60
Q

Secondary hypertension

61
Q

Short stature

differentials

62
Q

Splenomegaly

differentials

63
Q

Strabismus

differentials

64
Q

Stridor

differentials

65
Q

Tachypnoea

differentials

66
Q

Tall stature

differentials

67
Q

Thrombocytopaenia

differentials

A

Decreased production:

  • bone marrow suppression
  • hereditary
  • Fanconi’s anaemia/TAR syndrome/WAS
  • drugs, chemotherapy
  • infection

Increased destruction:

  • DIC/HUS
  • ITP
  • immune mediated
68
Q

Visual impairment

A

cornea:

  • clouding

lens:

  • cataracts

iris:

  • aniridia
  • coloboma

​choroid

  • uveitis

retina:

  • retinitis pigmentosa
  • rods/cone dystrophy
  • retinopathy of prematurity
  • albinism

optic nerve:

  • optic atrophy/hypoplasia/ischaemia/compression
  • craniopharyngioma

cerebral:

  • cortical insult: hydrocephalus, HIE, PVL
  • meningitis/encephalitis
  • amblyopia

Clinical Exam (16 decks)

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