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Clinical Medicine > Differential diagnosis > Flashcards

Differential diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

DDx of weightloss

A

Malignancy
GI: colon cancer, IBD, Coeliac disease
Endocrinological: thyrotoxicosis
Psychological: Anorexia nervosa/bulimia, depression, stress
Other: T1DM, malnutrition, substance misuse, HIV/AIDS

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2
Q

DDx of tiredness

A

Haematological: anaemia
Endocrine: hypothyroidism, diabetes
Psychological: depression
Respiratory: sleep apnoea

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3
Q

DDx of headache

A

Primary: tension, cluster, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia
Secondary - intracranial: meningitis, temporal arteritis, subarachnoid haemorrhage, raised ICP
Secondary - extracranial: sinusitis, glaucoma

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4
Q

DDx of vertigo

A 
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
vestibular neuritis
viral labyrinthitis
Meniere's disease
vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Other: acoustic neuroma, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, cerebellar stroke, drugs (alcohol, salicyclates, aminoglycosides, diuretics)
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5
Q

Cardiovascular differentials of fall/syncope

A

postural hypotension
arrhythmias
aortic stenosis

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6
Q

Neurological differentials of fit/fall/syncope

A

seizure
parkinson’s disease
TIA/stroke
vasovagal

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7
Q

Name 4 cardiovascular differentials for chest pain

A

MI
angina
aortic dissection
pericarditis

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8
Q

Name 3 respiratory differentials for chest pain

A

PE
Pneumothorax
Pleurisy

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9
Q

Name 3 non-cardio-respiratory causes for chest pain

A

GORD
Anxiety/panic attack
MSK pain - costochondritis

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10
Q

Name 2 cardiovascular differentials for breathlessness

A

MI

Heart failure

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11
Q

Name 6 respiratory differentials for breathlessness

A 
LRTI/pneumonia
pneumothorax
PE
Asthma
COPD
Pulmonary fibrosis
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12
Q

Name 5 respiratory causes of cough

A 
lung tumour
URTI/LRTI/pneumonia
Asthma
post-nasal drip
COPD
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13
Q

Name 4 non-respiratory causes of cough

A

GORD
Smoking
Left ventricular failure
Drugs -ACEi

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14
Q

DDx of haemoptysis

A

Respiratory: PE, lung tumour, penumonia, ronchiectasis, TB
Other: pulmonary oedema, Goodpasture’s syndrome

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15
Q

name 5 causes of RUQ abdominal pain

A 
biliary colic
cholecytitis
ascending cholangitis
hepatitis
pyelonephritis/renal colic
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16
Q

name 5 causes of RLQ abdominal pain

A 
Appendicitis
Crohn's disease/IBD
Ovarian cyst/torsion
Ectopic pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease
17
Q

name 5 causes of epigastric pain

A 
GORD
Peptic ulcer
Oesophagitis
MI
ruptured AAA
18
Q

name 5 causes of LUQ abdominal pain

A 
pancreatitis
oesophagitis
gastritis
Peptic ulcer
MI
pyelonephritis/renal colic
19
Q

name 5 causes of LLQ abdominal pain

A 
ulcerative colitis/IBD
diverticulitis
pyelonephritis/renal colic
Ovarian cyst/torsion
Ectopic pregnancy
20
Q

Name 5 GI and 2 endocrinological causes for change in bowel habit

A

GI: colon cancer, gastroenteritis, IBD, IBS, coeliac disease
Endo: thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism

21
Q

DDx of rectal bleeding

A 
anal fissure
haemorrhoids
diverticular haemorrhage
malignancy
IBD
haemorrhagic infective gastroenteritis
peptic ulcer
oesophageal varices
22
Q

DDx of haematemesis

A 
oesophagitis/gastritis/duodenitis
bleeding peptic ulcer
oesphageal varices
mallory-weiss tear
oesophageal cancer
Boerhaave's oesophageal perforation
23
Q

DDx of urinary frequency/dysuria/nocturia

A 
cystitis
urethritis
pyelonephritis
benign prostatic hyperplasia
pregnancy
24
Q

DDx of haematuria

A 
Bladder transitional cell carcinoma (painless)
Renal cell carcinoma
urethral trauma (e.g. catheter)
UTI
urethritis
calculi
25
Q

DDx of polyuria

A 
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Chronic kidney disease
UTI
Psychogenic polydipsia
Drugs (e.g. diuretics, alcohol, lithium)
26
Q

DDx of urinary incontinence

A

Stress incontinence - incompetent sphincter
Urge incontinence - detrusor instability, spinal cord pathology (cord compression, cord injury, MS)
Overflow incontinence - prostatic hypertrophy, stricture or stone
Mixed incontinence
True incontinence - vesicovaginal or ureterovaginal fistula

27
Q

DDx of urinary retention

A

prostatic hypertrophy
urethral stricture
bladder neck obstruction (e.g. calculi or tumour)
UTI
Neuro - MS, spinal cord injury/compression

28
Q

DDx of pelvic pain

A 
Gynae: 
PID/acute salpingitis
ectopic pregnancy
ovarian cyst/torsion/rupture
endometriosis

Urological: pyelonephritis

GI:
Appendicitis
diverticulitis
IBS/IBD

29
Q

Name 4 different types PV bleeding

A

menorrhagia
intermenstrual
post-coital
post-menopausal

30
Q

Name 5 causes of menorrhagia

A 
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Fibroids
endometriosis
PID
IUD
31
Q

Name 5 causes of intermenstrual bleeding

A 
endometrial/cervical polyps
ectropion
cervicitis/vaginitis
hormonal contraception
intrauterine device
32
Q

Name 5 causes of post-coital bleeding

A 
cervical trauma
cervical polyps
cervical carcinoma
vaginal carcinoma
pelvic inflammatory disease
33
Q

Name 5 causes of post-menopausal bleeding

A 
Endometrial carcinoma
atrophic vaginitis
foreign bodies
cervical/vaginal carcinoma/polyps
oestrogen withdrawal
34
Q

DDx of secondary amenorrhoea

A

Gynae:
Pregnancy
PCOS
menopause/premature ovarian failure

Endocrine:
hypothalamic amenorrhoea - anorexia, stress, athletes
Cushing’s syndrome
hyperprolactinaemia

35
Q

DDx of subfertility

A

Gynae:

PCOS
Fallopian tube damage
endometriosis
cervical barrier - cervical stenosis, polyp, inflammation
hyperprolactinaemia
hypothalamic disturbance - anorexia, stress, athletes

36
Q

DDx of abdominal pain in a pregnant woman

A

Obstetric:
ectopic, miscarriage, Braxton Hicks contractions, labour
placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, uterine rupture

Gynae:
fibroids, PID, ovarian torsion/rupture

General surgical causes

37
Q

DDx of PV bleeding in a pregnant woman

A

Early: implantation, ectopic, miscarriage

Late: labour, placental abruption, placenta praevia, vasa praevia

Anytime: cervical pathology, PID

38
Q

DDx of lower back pain

A

Ortho: muscular, lumbar spondylosis, lumbar disc prolapse, discitis, spinal fracture, cauda equina syndrome

Rheum: ankylosing spondylitis

Other: myeloma, bony mets, osteoporotic vertebral collapse

39
Q

DDx of joint pain/swelling/stiffness

A

Rheum: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, SLE, enteropathic arthritis

Ortho: osteoarthritis, septic arthritis

Other: Reiter’s syndrome, pseudogout

Clinical Medicine (11 decks)

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