Differential diagnosis Flashcards by Treesa James

DDx of weightloss

Malignancy
GI: colon cancer, IBD, Coeliac disease
Endocrinological: thyrotoxicosis
Psychological: Anorexia nervosa/bulimia, depression, stress
Other: T1DM, malnutrition, substance misuse, HIV/AIDS

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DDx of tiredness

Haematological: anaemia
Endocrine: hypothyroidism, diabetes
Psychological: depression
Respiratory: sleep apnoea

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DDx of headache

Primary: tension, cluster, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia
Secondary - intracranial: meningitis, temporal arteritis, subarachnoid haemorrhage, raised ICP
Secondary - extracranial: sinusitis, glaucoma

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DDx of vertigo

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
vestibular neuritis
viral labyrinthitis
Meniere's disease
vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Other: acoustic neuroma, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, cerebellar stroke, drugs (alcohol, salicyclates, aminoglycosides, diuretics)

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Cardiovascular differentials of fall/syncope

postural hypotension
arrhythmias
aortic stenosis

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Neurological differentials of fit/fall/syncope

seizure
parkinson’s disease
TIA/stroke
vasovagal

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Name 4 cardiovascular differentials for chest pain

MI
angina
aortic dissection
pericarditis

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Name 3 respiratory differentials for chest pain

PE
Pneumothorax
Pleurisy

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Name 3 non-cardio-respiratory causes for chest pain

GORD
Anxiety/panic attack
MSK pain - costochondritis

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Name 2 cardiovascular differentials for breathlessness

Heart failure

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Name 6 respiratory differentials for breathlessness

LRTI/pneumonia
pneumothorax
PE
Asthma
COPD
Pulmonary fibrosis

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Name 5 respiratory causes of cough

lung tumour
URTI/LRTI/pneumonia
Asthma
post-nasal drip
COPD

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Name 4 non-respiratory causes of cough

GORD
Smoking
Left ventricular failure
Drugs -ACEi

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DDx of haemoptysis

Respiratory: PE, lung tumour, penumonia, ronchiectasis, TB
Other: pulmonary oedema, Goodpasture’s syndrome

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name 5 causes of RUQ abdominal pain

biliary colic
cholecytitis
ascending cholangitis
hepatitis
pyelonephritis/renal colic

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name 5 causes of RLQ abdominal pain

Appendicitis
Crohn's disease/IBD
Ovarian cyst/torsion
Ectopic pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease

name 5 causes of epigastric pain

GORD
Peptic ulcer
Oesophagitis
MI
ruptured AAA

name 5 causes of LUQ abdominal pain

pancreatitis
oesophagitis
gastritis
Peptic ulcer
MI
pyelonephritis/renal colic

name 5 causes of LLQ abdominal pain

ulcerative colitis/IBD
diverticulitis
pyelonephritis/renal colic
Ovarian cyst/torsion
Ectopic pregnancy

Name 5 GI and 2 endocrinological causes for change in bowel habit

GI: colon cancer, gastroenteritis, IBD, IBS, coeliac disease
Endo: thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism

DDx of rectal bleeding

anal fissure
haemorrhoids
diverticular haemorrhage
malignancy
IBD
haemorrhagic infective gastroenteritis
peptic ulcer
oesophageal varices

DDx of haematemesis

oesophagitis/gastritis/duodenitis
bleeding peptic ulcer
oesphageal varices
mallory-weiss tear
oesophageal cancer
Boerhaave's oesophageal perforation

DDx of urinary frequency/dysuria/nocturia

cystitis
urethritis
pyelonephritis
benign prostatic hyperplasia
pregnancy

DDx of haematuria

Bladder transitional cell carcinoma (painless)
Renal cell carcinoma
urethral trauma (e.g. catheter)
UTI
urethritis
calculi

DDx of polyuria

``` Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Chronic kidney disease UTI Psychogenic polydipsia Drugs (e.g. diuretics, alcohol, lithium) ```

DDx of urinary incontinence

Stress incontinence - incompetent sphincter Urge incontinence - detrusor instability, spinal cord pathology (cord compression, cord injury, MS) Overflow incontinence - prostatic hypertrophy, stricture or stone Mixed incontinence True incontinence - vesicovaginal or ureterovaginal fistula

DDx of urinary retention

prostatic hypertrophy urethral stricture bladder neck obstruction (e.g. calculi or tumour) UTI Neuro - MS, spinal cord injury/compression

DDx of pelvic pain

``` Gynae: PID/acute salpingitis ectopic pregnancy ovarian cyst/torsion/rupture endometriosis ``` Urological: pyelonephritis GI: Appendicitis diverticulitis IBS/IBD

Name 4 different types PV bleeding

menorrhagia intermenstrual post-coital post-menopausal

Name 5 causes of menorrhagia

``` dysfunctional uterine bleeding Fibroids endometriosis PID IUD ```

Name 5 causes of intermenstrual bleeding

``` endometrial/cervical polyps ectropion cervicitis/vaginitis hormonal contraception intrauterine device ```

Name 5 causes of post-coital bleeding

``` cervical trauma cervical polyps cervical carcinoma vaginal carcinoma pelvic inflammatory disease ```

Name 5 causes of post-menopausal bleeding

``` Endometrial carcinoma atrophic vaginitis foreign bodies cervical/vaginal carcinoma/polyps oestrogen withdrawal ```

DDx of secondary amenorrhoea

Gynae: Pregnancy PCOS menopause/premature ovarian failure Endocrine: hypothalamic amenorrhoea - anorexia, stress, athletes Cushing's syndrome hyperprolactinaemia

DDx of subfertility

Gynae: PCOS Fallopian tube damage endometriosis cervical barrier - cervical stenosis, polyp, inflammation hyperprolactinaemia hypothalamic disturbance - anorexia, stress, athletes

DDx of abdominal pain in a pregnant woman

Obstetric: ectopic, miscarriage, Braxton Hicks contractions, labour placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, uterine rupture Gynae: fibroids, PID, ovarian torsion/rupture General surgical causes

DDx of PV bleeding in a pregnant woman

Early: implantation, ectopic, miscarriage Late: labour, placental abruption, placenta praevia, vasa praevia Anytime: cervical pathology, PID

DDx of lower back pain

Ortho: muscular, lumbar spondylosis, lumbar disc prolapse, discitis, spinal fracture, cauda equina syndrome Rheum: ankylosing spondylitis Other: myeloma, bony mets, osteoporotic vertebral collapse

DDx of joint pain/swelling/stiffness

Rheum: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, SLE, enteropathic arthritis Ortho: osteoarthritis, septic arthritis Other: Reiter's syndrome, pseudogout