Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oral Boards > Differential Diagnosis > Flashcards

Differential Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

Delayed Awakening

A
  1. Pharmacologic
    - residual drugs, increased sensitivity to drugs (elderly, renal/hepatic disease, hypothermia)
  2. Metabolic
    - hypoxemia, hypercapnia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypothyroid/myxedema coma, hypothermia
  3. Neurologic
    - encephalopathy, hypoperfusion (CVA), ICH, increased ICP, cerebral edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

High Airway Pressure

A

High peak pressure = airway resistance

  • ETT kink or tip occlusion, bronchospasm, secretions or mucous plus
  • Total BS Plug

High plateau pressure = airway compliance
*pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, ARDS, pneumonia
“Master PP”

Decreased chest compliance
*obesity, surgical retraction, ascites or increased IAP, MH, opiates, inadequate muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypoxia

A
  1. Hypoventilation
    * Increased PaCO2
  2. Shunt
    * pneuomothorax, atelectasis, mainstem intubation, pulmonary edema, ARDS, pneumonia
  3. V/Q Mismatch (normal V/Q = 0.8)
    *hypotension, embolus, asthma/COPD
    “COPE w/hypotension”
  4. Diffusion Impairment
    * Emphysema, ILD (pulmonary fibrosis)
  • Shunt, V/Q Mismatch, and Diffusion impairment have increased A-a gradients (nl <10 mmHg) and normal PaC02
  • Only shunt does not improve with oxygen supplementation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypercarbia

A
  1. Increased production of CO2
    - fever, sepsis, MH, thyrotoxicosis, TPN w/high carbs
  2. Decreased elimination of CO2
    - hypoventilation (CNS depression, neuromuscular disease), decreased CO, decreased lung/chest wall compliance
  3. Exogenous addition of CO2
    - CO2 pneumoperitoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  1. Release of potassium into extracellular space
    - rhabdo, hemolysis, burns
  2. Transmembrane shifts
    - acidosis, meds (beta blockers, sux)
  3. Decreased elimination of potassium
    - acute/chronic renal failure, potassium-sparing diuretics, adrenal insufficiency
  4. Pseudohyperkalemia
    - lysis of RBCs in specimen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypertension

A
  1. CNS: pain, anxiety, light anesthesia
  2. CV: essential, ischemia, atherosclerosis
  3. Pulmonary: hypoxia, hypercarbia
  4. Renal: renal failure/volume overload, renovascular dz
  5. Endo: pheo, thyrotoxicosis, Cushing syndrome
  6. Drugs: catecholamines, vasopressors, anticholinergics, withdrawal of antihypertensives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypotension

A
  1. Decreased Preload: hypovolemia, bleeding, venous pooling, pneumothorax, tamponade
  2. Decreased Afterload: vasodilation from anesthetics/drugs, sympathetic blockade (regional), hypocalcemia, sepsis, anaphylaxis
  3. Decreased Contractility/CO: MI, arrhythmia, valvular dz, negative inotropes (BB, CCB)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hyperthermia

A
  1. External Heating
  2. Infection
  3. Noninfectious: MH, NMS, thyroid storm
  4. Malignancy (leukemia, lymphoma)
  5. Autoimmune (SLE, RA, vasculitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  1. Intracellular Shift: meds (B2 agonists, insulin), hyperthyroidism
  2. Renal loss: meds (diuretics), hyperaldosertonism
  3. GI loss: diarrhea, NG losses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hyponatremia

A
  1. Hypotonic hyponatremia (most common): excess free water
    * Hypovolemic: cerebral salt wasting, diuretics
    * Euvolemic: SIADH
    * Hypervolemic: heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
  2. Hypertonic hyponatremia
    * dilutional (non-sodium solute: glucose, mannitol, ethanol)
  3. Normotonic hyponatremia
    * TURP syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oliguria

A

<0.5 ml/kg/h or less than 400 ml/day

Prerenal: hypoperfusion

  • FENa <1%
  • BUN/Cr >20:1
  • Urine Na < 20 mEq/L
  • hyaline casts

Renal:

  • FENa > 2%
  • BUN/Cr <10:1
  • Urine Na >40 mEq/L
  • tubular epithelial or granular casts
  • Most common cause is ATN (ischemia)
  • Other causes of ATN: nephrotoxins (amino glycoside antibiotics (gentamicin) and contrast dye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pacemaker Failure To Capture

A
  1. Pacemaker malfunction
  2. Lead dislodgement
  3. Insufficient energy to achieve depolarization
  4. MI (can significantly increase energy required for capture)
  5. Acid-base disturbance
  6. electrolyte abnormality
  7. Antiarrhythmic drug levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coagulopathy After CPB

A
  1. abnormal platelet function (most common)
  2. thrombocytopenia
  3. fibrinolysis
  4. hemodilution of clotting factors
  5. DIC
  6. hypothermia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Child with fever, drooling, stridor and respiratory distress

A
  • ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS
  • laryngotracheobronchitis (croup, viral usually, steeple sign)
  • foreign body aspiration
  • severe tonsillitis
  • pharyngitis
  • pharyngeal abscess
  • Inspiratory stridor = supraglottic obstruction (epiglottitis)
  • Expiratory stridor = intrathoracic process
  • Biphasic stridor = both larynx and subglottic structures (croup)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Postoperative Stridor

A
  1. Laryngospasm
  2. Airway edema or subglottic stenosis from instrumentation or intubation
  3. Nerve injury or neurologic disorder (bulbar palsy, myasthenia gravis)
  4. Allergic reaction
  5. Asthma
  6. Foreign body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bradycardia

A
  1. CNS: increased ICP, vagal stimulation, spinal shock
  2. CV: MI, AV block, SSS
  3. Pulmonary: hypoxia, hypercarbia
  4. Metabolic: acidosis, hypothermia
  5. Endocrine: hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency

6 Drugs: anesthetics, BB, CCB, digoxin

17
Q

Causes of Atrial Fibrillation

A 
Heart failure
Cardiomyopathy
Acute MI
Longstanding HTN
Valvular heart disease
Hyper/hypothyroidism
PE
Hypoxemia
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Drugs (cocaine, sympathomimetics)
18
Q

Postoperative Polyuria

A
  • diabetes insipidus (central most likely after neurosurgery)
  • mobilization of third-spaced fluid
  • diuretic use
  • osmotic diuresis (ie. hyperglycemia)

Oral Boards (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions