Differential Diagnoses - Hematology Flashcards
Anemia (major categories)
Loss, decreased production, destruction
Non-regenerative anemia (general)
- Anemia of chronic disease
- CKD
- Endocrine
- Hemophagocytic syndrome
- Hospital-acquired anemia
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Primary bone marrow disease
- Sideroblastic anemia
Non-regenerative anemia (Endocrine)
hyperestrogenism, hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism
Non-regenerative anemia (Hemophagocytic syndrome)
- Histiocytic sarcoma
- Lymphoma
- Other neoplastic, infectious, or immune-mediated disease
Non-regenerative anemia (Iron-deficiency)
- GI bleeding
- Ectoparasites [eg, fleas]
- Lead toxicity
Non-regenerative anemia (primary bone marrow)
- Congenital dyserythropoiesis
- Drug-induced (estrogen, phenobarbital, sulfonamides)
- Infectious disease (FeLV/FIV, Ehrlichia spp, feline panleukopenia, canine parvovirus)
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Myelophthisis
- Bone marrow necrosis/in!ammation (eg, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), sepsis, endotoxemia, drugs, toxins)
- Myelofibrosis
- Neoplasia
- Precursor-targeted immune-mediated anemia/pure red cell aplasia
What is sideroblastic anemia
Sideroblastic anemia is a type of anemia that results from abnormal utilization of iron during erythropoiesis. There are different forms of sideroblastic anemia, and all forms are defined by the presence of ring sideroblasts in the bone marrow. Ring sideroblasts are erythroid precursors containing deposits of non-heme iron in mitochondria forming a ring-like distribution around the nucleus. The iron-formed ring covers at least one-third of the nucleus rim. Sideroblastic anemia is known to cause microcytic and macrocytic anemia depending on what type of mutation led to it. Unlike iron deficiency anemia, where there is depletion of iron stores, patients with sideroblastic anemia have normal to high iron levels. Other microcytic anemias include thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease.
Regenerative anemia (general)
- Hemolysis
- Hemorrhage
Regenerative anemia (hemolysis)
- Cold agglutinin disease
- Fragmentation anemia (e.g., DIC)
- Hereditary
- Hypophosphatemia
- IMHA
- Primary infectious
- Oxidant or Heinz body anemia
Regenerative anemia (Fragmentation anemia)
- DIC
- Neoplasia (e.g., HSA)
- Liver disease
- Vasculitis
- Bacterial endocarditis
- HWD
Regenerative anemia (Hereditary)
- Feline congenital porphyria
- Increased erythrocyte osmotic fragility (cats)
- PFK deficiency (English springer spaniels, American cocker spaniels, whippets, Deutscher Wachtelhunds)
- Pyruvate kinase deficiency (WHWT, Basenjis, beagles, cairn terriers, pugs, Labs, DSH, Abyssinians, Somalis)
- Spectrin deficiency (Dutch golden retrievers)
Regenerative anemia (IMHA)
- Primary
- Secondary to underlying cause (eg, neoplasia, infection [eg, hemotropic
Mycoplasma spp, Babesia spp], drugs, incompatible blood transfusion,
envenomation)
Regenerative anemia (infectious)
- Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp
- Babesia spp
- Cytauxzoon felis
- Leptospira spp
Regenerative anemia (oxidant induced)
- Onion or garlic ingestion
- Zinc toxicity (from pennies minted after 1982)
- Copper toxicity (eg, copper hepatopathy),
- Drugs (eg, acetaminophen, vitamin K)
- Naphthalene
- Propylene
- Glycol
- Benzocaine
- Skunk musk
Regenerative anemia (hemorrhage)
- GI ulceration
- Hemostatic disorders
- Neoplasia
- Parasitic disease
- Trauma
- Vessel wall disorder
