Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PACES 2.0 > Differential Diagnoses > Flashcards

Differential Diagnoses Flashcards

1
Q

Bilateral ptosis

A

Myotonic dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Unilateral ptosis

A

III nerve palsy
Horner’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebellar syndrome

A

PASTRIES

Paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome
Alcohol
Sclerosis
Tumour
Recessive (Friedreich’s ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia) OR dominant (spinocerebellar ataxia)
Iatrogenic (phenytoin)
Endocrine
Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cerebellar signs with neuropathy

A

ETOH
Friedreich’s ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cerebellar signs with optic atrophy

A

MS
Friedreich’s ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spastic paresis

A

MS
Spinal cord compression
Myelopathy
Trauma
MND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Charcot joint (neuropathic arthropathy)

A

Tabes dorsalis - hip and knee
Diabetes - foot and ankle
Syringomyelia - elbow and shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tremor

A

Resting
- Parkinsonism

Postural
- benign essential tremor
- dystonic tremor
- physiological (anxiety, caffeine, hyperthyroid, ETOH withdrawal)

Intention
- ipsilateral cerebellar lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bilateral facial weakness

A

GBS
Sarcoidosis
Myasthenia gravis
Lyme disease
Syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unilateral facial weakness

A

MS
Stroke
Tumour
Acoustic neurons
Cholesteatoma
Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Bell’s palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enlarged nerves and peripheral neuropathy

A

Neurofibromatosis
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
Leprosy
Amyloidosis
Acromegaly
Refsum’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

MS
Stroke
Syrinx
Aneurysm
Trauma
Pancoast’s tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oculomotor (III) nerve palsy

A

Mononeuritis multiplex
Midbrain infarction
Midbrain demyelination (MS)
Migraine
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
Cavernous sinus pathology
Cerebral uncus herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Optic atrophy

A

PALE DISCS

Pressure (tumour, glaucoma, Paget’s)
Ataxia (Friedreich’s ataxia)
Leber’s
Dietary (B12), Degenerative (retinitis pigmentosa)
Ischaemia (central retinal artery occlusion)
Syphilis and other infections
Cyanide and other toxins
Sclerosis (MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

Congenital (AR)
Acquired (post-inflammatory retinitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Renal artery occlusion

A

Embolic
- carotid plaque rupture
- cardiac mural thrombus
Giant cell arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Retinal vein occlusion

A

HTN
Hyperglycaemia
Hyperviscocity
High intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chest pain

A

Myocardial ischaemia
PE
Pneumonia
Pericarditic
MSK
Oesophageal reflux/spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pericarditis with effusion

A

Acute pericarditis
PE
Pneumonia
MSK
MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypertension

A

Essential
Renal
- CKD secondary to glomerulonephritis, ADPKD, renovascular disease
Endocrine
- Conn’s, Cushing’s, acromegaly, phaeochromocytoma
Aortic coarctation
Pre-eclampsia

21
Q

Optic disc swelling

A

Papilloedema
- raised ICP (SOL, benign ICP, CST)
Papillitis/optic neuritis
- MS
Accelerated phase hypertension
Central retinal vein occlusion
Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
- GCA

22
Q

Ataxia

A

Friedreich’s ataxia
Vestibular
- labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis
Stroke
MS
Drug/alcohol

23
Q

Headache

A

Bacterial meningitis
SAH
Migraine
Trigeminal neuralgia
Cluster headache
Medication overuse headache
Temporal arteritis
Intracranial haemorrhage
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Malignant hypertension

24
Q

Causes of thunderclap headache

A

SAH
Meningitis
Intracranial haemorrhage
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Malignant hypertension

25
Reduced GCS
Intracranial pathology Diabetic ketoacidosis Meningitis Alcohol/drug intoxication
26
Syncope
Cardiac Neurological Orthostatic hypotension Vasovagal Psychogenic non-epileptic spells
27
Cardiac syncope
Brady or tachycardia Bradycardia: Post-op SAVR or TAVI Lyme disease Sarcoid Obstructive cardiac lesion AS MS HOCM PH
28
Neurological syncope
Epilepsy Vertebrobasilar insufficiency ETOH Diabetes
29
Vasovagal syncope
Stress Cough Micturation Defecation
30
Fall and fragility fracture
Osteoporosis Bone metastasis Secondary hyperparathyroidism (CKD)
31
Dyspnoea
Asthma COPD PE Pneumothorax Anaemia Respiratory tract infection Anaphylaxis
32
Haemoptysis
PE Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Bronchial carcinoma
33
Persistent fever
Infection - endocarditis Drug-induced Malignancy Inflammatory disease Factitious
34
Anaemia
Dietary - iron, B12, folate Chronic bleeding - GI, PV Coeliac IDA Inherited haemoglobinopathy
35
Jaundice in PSC
Progression of PSC to cirrhosis Development of new biliary stricture Cholelithiasis Cholangiocarcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Gallbladder cancer Bowel cancer
36
Bloody diarrhoea and weight loss
Crohn’s disease - Yersinia, tuberculosis, lymphoma, UC Ulcerative colitis - Crohn’s, infection, ischaemia, drugs, radiation IBS (no blood)
37
Bloody diarrhoea in traveller
Campylobacter E. Coli producing Shiga-like toxin Entamoeba histolytica
38
Non-bloody diarrhoea in traveller
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (traveller’s diarrhoea) Salmonella Shigella Yersinia Norovirus Rotavirus Giardia lambia Cryptosporidium Clostridium difficile Staphylococcus aureus
39
Swollen calf
DVT Cellulitis Chronic venous insufficiency Ruptured Baker’s cyst Muscular strain
40
Leg ulcer
Venous Arterial Diabetic
41
Hyperextensible joints
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - plucked chicken skin - blue sclerae - retinal angioid streaks - macular degeneration - premature coronary artery disease Ehlers-Danlos - no premature coronary disease - family history more apparent
42
Painful swollen joints
Rheumatoid Psoriatic Osteoarthritis Gout Septic arthritis
43
Hypercalcaemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism Malignancy - multiple myeloma - solid organ tumours with bony metastases - solid organ tumours with production of PTH-related protein Medications - thiazide diuretics - vitamin D and/or calcium supplements - lithium Sarcoidosis Addison’s disease Hyperthyroidism Prolonged immobility
44
Xanthomata
Hypercholesterolaemia - tendon xanthomata, xanthelasma, corneal arcus Hypertriglycerideamia - eruptive xanthomata and lipaemia retinalis Hypothyroidism Nephrotic syndrome Alcohol Cholestasis
45
Goitre
Tender - thyroiditis Non-tender - Grave’s disease - toxic multinodular goitre - carcinoma - adenoma
46
Amenorrhoea
Primary: Genetic - Turner’s syndrome Secondary: Pregnancy Post-partum and breastfeeding PCOS Premature ovarian failure Pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma most common) Pills Eating disorders
47
Cushing’s syndrome
ACTH dependent: Pituitary adenoma - Cushing’s disease Ectopic secretion of ACTH - non-pituitary tumour (bronchigenic carcinoma) ACTH independent: Iatrogenic - exogenous steroids Adrenocortical adenomas or carcinomas
48
Proximal myopathy
Inherited: - myotonic dystrophy - muscular dystrophy Endocrine: - Cushing’s syndrome - hyperparathyroidism - thyrotoxicosis - diabetic amyotrophy Inflammatory: - polymyositis - rheumatoid arthritis Metabolic: - osteomalacia Malignancy: - paraneoplastic - LEMS Drugs: - alcohol - steroids
49
Causes of chronic liver disease
3 Cs and 4 Is Cirrhosis - alcohol most common Carcinoma Congestion - CCF Infectious - blood borne viruses Immune - AIH, PBC, PSC Infiltrative - amyloid Iron - haemochromatosis

PACES 2.0 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions