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Socialism > different types of socialism > Flashcards

different types of socialism Flashcards

1
Q

two broad categories

A

fundamentalist socialism

revisionist socialism

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2
Q

what is fundamentalist socialism

A

socialist values are incompatible with capitalism

associated with orthodox communism

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3
Q

what is revisionist socialism

A

socialism can be achieved alongside private property

can co-exist with capitalism

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4
Q

what are the 5 strands of fundamentalist socialism

A 
classical marxism 
marxism-leninism (orthodox communism) 
democratic socialism 
euro communism 
neo-marxism
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5
Q

what did marx say capitalism promoted (classical marxism)

A

‘exploitation’
‘oppression’
from one class by another
at odds with social values of fraternity+solidarity

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6
Q

what was historicism (classical marxism)

A

history was series of stages

moving toward final destination

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7
Q

according to hegel (philospher) how would one stage of history move onto the next (classical marxism)

A

the ‘official’ narrative about society’s aims by the ruling class isn’t was the rest experience
leads to alienation
creates a new society until next stage

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8
Q

how did marx and engels adjust hegels theory about stages (classical marxism)

A

history=series of economic stages

mentality would always be defined by economics+way resources were distributed

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9
Q

rather than a clash of ideas which leads to the next stage of society (hegels) what did marx and engels say it was a clash of (classical marxism)

A

economic interests

called this dialectal materialism

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10
Q

historical materialism (classical marxism)

A

each stage of history defined by clash of economic ideas

relates to how resources should be produced+distributed

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11
Q

in summary, what are the ten stages of history (classical marxism)

A 
primitive society 
slave-based
feudal
emerge capitalism 
emerge class consciousness 
revolution 
socialism 
state wither away 
communism 
end of history
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12
Q

how did marx aand engels view the state prior to revolution (classical marxism)

A

‘servants’ of the economic system
socialism must destroy this
stage 10 would be reach
humanity would’ve peaked

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13
Q

who was lenin (marxism-leninism)

A

leader of bolshevik party in Russia

prior to 1917 revolution

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14
Q

how did lenin’s socialist ideas differ to marx (marxism-leninism)

A

capitalism+proleariat didn’t have to be well developed

less developed countries shouldn’t have to ‘endure’ more decades of oppressive rule

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15
Q

what was lenin’s vision called (marxism-leninism)

A

accelerated revolutionary socialism

socialism+communism could pre-empt full development of capitalism

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16
Q

what did lenin argue in his key work ‘what is to be done?’ 1902 (marxism-leninism)

A

revolution in pre industrial countries should be the cause not effect of socialist ideas developing (as marx argued)

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17
Q

what would revolution in early capitalist societies prevent, according to lenin (marxism-leninism)

A

sympathy for capitalist values (false consciousness)

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18
Q

who endorsed lenins argument (marxism-leninism)

A

luxembourg-only his impatience for socialism

she was worried his ideas could make revolutionary socialism irrelevant in industrial countries

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19
Q

how did lenin think the revolution should occur (marxism-leninism)

A

led by revolutionary elite (vanguard)

they would perform 4 tasks

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20
Q

what were the 4 tasks lenin said the vanguard has to perform (marxism-leninism)

A

overthrow existing regime
organise revolution
educate masses on socialism
form communist party

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21
Q

democratic centralism (marxism-leninism)

A

only one party + open discussion
would embody will of people
further discussion= disrespectful to revolution
used to justify sever repression in Russsia+China

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22
Q

who upheld leninism

A

Stalin
he didnt want permanent revolution (international socialism)
promoted socialist nationalism (disliked by luxembourg)

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23
Q

which countries in the 21st century adopted the idea of vanguard communist parties

A

north korea
north vietnam
cuba under fidel castro

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24
Q

what is (marxism-leninism) also now known as

A

orthodox communism

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25
Q

when did (democratic socialism) occur

A

late 19th century

e.g jeremy corbyn

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26
Q

what is early democratic socialism associated with

A

fabian society

vital in lab party

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27
Q

what did webb argue in her book ‘the cooperative movement in Great Britian’ (democratic socialism)

A

revolution=chaotic,inefficient+counterproductive’

‘guilty of the same problem besetting capitalism’ (unpredictable)

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28
Q

how would early democratic socialism achieve its aims (democratic socialism)

A

suffrage extension=more orderly,election-based progression

socialist gov use existing parlimentary system to create society based on common ownership+public control

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29
Q

what is the ‘inevitability of gradualism’ (early democratic socialism)

A

socialist parties gain trust of voters
workers would realise capitalism doesn’t benefit them
would vote for socialist who implement policy
they’‘ll see benefits and re-elect them

30
Q

example of (democratic socialism) in action

A

1946 landslide attlee’s gov
intro of welfare state
transfer of some private to public

31
Q

evolutionary socialism (democratic socialism)

A

socialism can be achieved peacefully and gradually through existing constitutional system

32
Q

what led to changes in (democratic socialism)

A

drastic cuts to public spending 1976(pressure from IMF)

defeat 1979 GE

33
Q

what adjustments would need to be made for evolutionary socialism to work (democratic socialism)

A 
parliamentary sov (get out of EEC+EU)
reform HoL 
party members having more power over selection of party leaders
34
Q

example of later (democratic socialism)

A

Tony Benn

35
Q

what is (euro communism)

A

belief capitalism could be got rid of by parliamentary methods + evolutionary socialism
shared by many communist parties in europe `

36
Q

what happened as a result of western european communist parties wanting to distance themselves from the soviet union (euro communism)

A

french communist party+italian communist rejected marx-leninism revolution
instead won seats in parliamentary elections

37
Q

examples of (euro communism)

A

George Marchais of french communist party

served in socialist-communist coaltion gov 1980s

38
Q

who greatly influenced (euro communism)

A

Antonio Gramsci founded italian communist party
argued capitalism only overthrown wi mass support
hard to achieve bc of cultural influence of ruling class

39
Q

what did Gramsci argue was needed (euro communism)

A

‘cultural vanguard’

counter-culture not just in workplace but also literary etc

40
Q

summary of (euro communism)

A

liberal state could allow socialist change e.g transition to public ownership
rejected revolution
liberal-capitalist state would evolve+wither away
communism+end of history but no dictatorship of proletariat

41
Q

important contributor to (neo marxism)

A

Horkheimer
Marcuse
from frankfurt school

42
Q

what did Frankfurt school think about cultural hegemony (neo marxism)

A

couldn’t be countered by socialist vanguard (like Gramsci said)
had to be overthrown by revolution

43
Q

even though the Frankfurt school wanted revolution what did they acknowlege (neo marxism)

A

capitalism was very resilient +adaptable

so probs wouldn’t happen

44
Q

which euro-communist belief did (neo marxism) reject

A

that capitalism could be gradually reformed out of existence
socialist should take advantage of next economic slump+advocate rev

45
Q

what did Gramsci+Marcuse directly oppose eachother on (neo marxism)

A

Gramsci=culture could shape economic system

Marcus=economic system always shaped culture

46
Q

Ralph Miliband (neo marxism)

A

updated marx call for rev
demolished idea socialism could be achieved through parliament
once socialist gov’s in power they’re forced to dilute socialist agenda

47
Q

what pro capitalist forces limited socialist govs according to ralph(neo marxism)

A

judiciary
armed forces
conspired to divert socialist gov

48
Q

what did Ralph Miliband ultimately say was the road to socialism (neo marxism)

A

revolutionary overthrow of economic status quo
arise from ‘spontaneous’ trade union action
(luxembourg agreed)

49
Q

what are the three forms of revisionist socialism

A

classical revisionism
social democracy
the third way

50
Q

where did the earliest form of revisionist socialism come from (classical revisionism)

A

german socialism eduard bernstein

‘evolutionary socialism’ 1898

51
Q

what did Bernstein say about marx’s ‘crisis of capitalism’ (classical revisionism)

A

little evidence it was happening
working class conditions steadily improving
said capitalism can further these improvements

52
Q

according to Bernstein what made socialist governments more likely (classical revisionism)

A

widening of franchise
working class majority among voters
these gov’s then legally improve workers conditions

53
Q

what did Bernstein think about private property (classical revisionism)

A

it could co-exist with socialism

54
Q

Origins of social democracy (Social democracy)

A

Developments wi Germans social Democratic Party
Influential socialism grouping
Argued to renounce it’s links with Marxism
Agree with Crosland+ Keynesian

55
Q

Why did croslamd argued for Keynesian economic (Social democracy)

A

Capitalism wasn’t vulnerable to peaks+troughs

No capitalist cycle=constant increase in public spending+welfare state

56
Q

Keynesian economics Social democracy)

A

Stage manage market forces to ensure steady growth+full employment
Social democrats thought this would finance steady right in public spending

57
Q

What did crosland establish socialism wasn’t just based upon (Social democracy)

A

Common ownership

Allowed socialist to look at other methods to secure equality e.g examinations

58
Q

How we’re British socialists like crosland different to those such as the German socialist party (Social democracy)

A

They liked idea of federal Europe

Crosland thought govs need to keep autonomy over their economies

59
Q

What did Crosland argued in his final book, ‘Socialism now’ 1974 (Social democracy)

A

Europe wide economy policy promoted autherity over full employment

60
Q

What is (Third way) also sometimes called

A

Neo- revisionism

61
Q

Who is (Third way) associated with

A

Brown, Blair, SDP politicians like Shröder
Emerged when case for fundamentalist socialism had basically gone (soviet union had collapsed+market economics was global)

62
Q

What was Giddens desire (Third way)

A

Wanted modern leftists to ‘go with the flow’
Encourage privatisation+ deregulation
Would boost economic growth+more tax for public spending

63
Q

Controversial aspect of (Third way)

A

More inequality of outcome
Unequal outcomes went hand in hand with more economic growth
This is needed to yield more tax for public spending

64
Q

How did (Third way) affect the Labour Party

A

Renounce clause IV commitment (to public ownership)
Created new labour
Arguably it was paternalistic conservatism

65
Q

How is third way different than social democratic revisionism

A

More emphasis on political and cultural equality
Globalisation had made economic influence increase
So need to focus on inequalities in society that they had control of

66
Q

Example of (Third way) reducing inequality

A

Legislation civil partnership
Human Rights Acts
These would equalise casual and political power

67
Q

Marxism is redundant YES

A 
Collapse of SU= failed attempt 
Capitalism has nit imploded 
Working class haven’t revolted- instead got private property
68
Q

Marxism is redundant NO

A

Capitalism still unstable
Still inequality from capitalism
‘Disappointing’ socialist gov e.g France 2012 shown revolution needed
Marx was misapplied

69
Q

Socialism means the abolition of private property and capitalism YES (fundamental socialist)

A

Socialist want equality- can’t get from private prop
Priv Prop promoted individualism not fraternity
Capitalism-exploitation+oppression of workers

70
Q

Socialism means the abolition of private property+capitalism NO

A

Debate about priv ownership only concerns the means not ends
Bernstein noted working class conditions improved under capitalism- marx didn’t see democratic socialist govs
Giddens- capitalism gets more tax for public funding

71
Q

Can socialist values be reconciled to liberal values YES

A

Products of enlightenment
Both see Possibility of progress
Reject paternalism
Modern lib+socialism=positive liberty

72
Q

Can socialism be reconciled to liberal values NO

A

Liberals prioritise individual liberty
Liberals= individuals shape society but soci other way
Liberals capitalism gives freedom to soci is a threat
Classical liberals reduce state intervention

Socialism (8 decks)

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