Different Types Of Organelles In Cells Flashcards
Plasma (cell surface) membrane
Found on the surface of animal cells but inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells, made up of lipids and proteins.
Used to reregulate the movement of substances in and out of a cells, it has receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals and hormones
cell wall
A rigid structure surrounding plant cells mainly made of the carbohydrates cellulose. Used to support the cell
Nucleus
A large oraganelle surrounded by a nucleur envelope (double membrane) containing many pores. The nucleus contains chromatin (which is made from DNA and proteins) plus a structure called the nucleolus. The nucleus controls the cells activities (controlling the transcription of DNA, containing instructions to make chain of amino acids. The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm e.g Allowing RNA to leave.
The other structure the nucleolus makes ribosomes.
Lysosomes
A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no internal clear structure. Contains digestive enzymes, which are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane. It’s used to digest invading cells or damaged/worn out cells.
Ribosome
A very small organelle which floats free or is attached to the rough endoplasmic recticulum, it’s made up of proteins and RNA, it’s not surrounded by a membrane. It’s the site where proteins are made.
Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum (RER)
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid - filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes. It folds and processes proteins that have been made by ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Recticlum (SER)
Similar, but has no ribosomes, it synthesis and processes lipids.
Vesicle
A small fluid-filled sac in cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane. Transports substances in and put of a cell(from the plasma membrane) and between organelles. Some are formed by the golgi apparatus or the ER, while others are formed at the cell surface.
Golgi Apparatus
A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound, flattened sacs, vesicles are often seen at the edge. It processes and packages new lipids and proteins it also makes lysosomes.
Mitochondria
An oval shape ussually with a double membrane, the inner one is folded to form structured called the cristae. Inside is the matrix, containing enzymes involved in respiration. Used for the site of aerobic respiration where the production of ATP is. They are very active and require a lot of energy.
Chloroplast
A small flattened structure found on plant cells, surrounded by a double membrane. It also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes. These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplasts to form grana. Grana are linked together by lamellae - thin pieces of thylakoud membrane. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen on the grana. And other in the stroma( a thick fluid in chloroplasts)
Centriole
Small, hollow cylinders made up of microtubles(tiny protein cylinders) found in animal cells but only in some plant cells. Involved in the operation of chromosomes during cell division.
Cilia
Small, hair like structures found on the surface of some animal cells. In cross-section, they have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of protein microtubles inside with two microtubles in the middle. The microtubles allow the cilia to move. This movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface, the formation is known as 9 + 2.
Flagellum
On Eukaryotic they are like cilia but longer. They stick our from the cell surface membrane by the plasma membrane. The microtubles contact to make the flagellum move. Flagella are used like outboard motors to propel the sperm forward to the the egg cell.
