Different equations for organic chemistry

Question 1

Describe how to get from a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid and give an example with butan-1-ol

Answer 1

Oxidation of primary alcohol
Butan-1-ol + 2[O] → butanoic acid + H2O
Acidified sodium dichromate and reflux in excess

Question 2

Describe how to get from a secondary alcohol to ketone

and give an example of propan-2-ol

Answer 2

Oxidation of secondary alcohol
Propan-2-ol + [O] → Propanone
Acidified sodium dichromate and reflux in excess

Question 3

Describe how to get from an aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 3

Oxidation of aldehyde

Acidified sodium dichromate and reflux in excess

Question 4

Describe how to get from a haloalkane to an alcohol and give an example using 1-bromobutane

Answer 4

Hydrolysis- nucleophilic substitution
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaOH → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH +NaBr
Warm with sodium hydroxide solution

Question 5

Describe how to get from a primary alcohol to aldehyde and give an example with butan-1-ol

Answer 5

Oxidation of primary alcohol
Butan-1-ol + [O] → Butanal
Gentle heating with acidified potassium dichromate. It is then distilled to prevent further oxidation

Question 6

Describe how to get from an alkene to haloalkane and give example with but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide

Answer 6

Electrophilic addition
Halogen or halogen halide
But-2-ene + HBr → 2-bromobutane
Room temp and pressure

Question 7

Describe how to get from an alcohol to alkene and give example with cyclohexanol

Answer 7

Dehydration reaction/ elimination
cyclohexanol → cyclohexene + H2O
Reflux with concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid

Question 8

Describe how to get from an alkene to alcohol and give example with propene

Answer 8

Hydration reaction
Propene + H2O →Propan-1-ol or Propan-2-ol
Steam, phosphoric acid, high temp and pressure

Question 9

Describe how to get from an alkane to haloalkane and give example with methane and bromine

Answer 9

Radical substitution
Methane + bromine→ 1-bromomethane + hydrogen bromide
UV light

Question 10

Describe how to get from an alkene to alkane and give example with propene

Answer 10

Hydrogenation of alkenes- addition reaction
Propene + H2 → Propane
Nickel catalyst and 150 degrees

Question 11

Describe how to get from an alkene to dihaloalkane and give example with propene and Br2

Answer 11

Addition reaction/ halogenation of alkenes/ electrophillic addition
Propene + Br2 → 1,2-dibromopropane
Room temp and pressure

Question 12

Describe how to get form an alcohol to a haloalkane and give example with propan-2-ol with hydrogen bromide

Answer 12

Substitution reaction
CH3CHOHCH3 + NaBr + H2SO4 →CH3CHBRCH3 + NaHSO4 + H2O
Heated to reflux, with sulfuric acid and a sodium halide (hydrogen bromide is formed in situ)