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Environmental processes and systems, LEC 103 > Different biomes, lecture 32 > Flashcards

Different biomes, lecture 32 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of tropical forests

3

A

tropical rainforest
subtropical forest
monsoon forest

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2
Q

Why are there several types of forest in the tropics?

A

varying climate

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3
Q

Effects of varying climate on types of forest biomes in the tropics

A

seasonality

diversity - species and structure

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4
Q

Climatic aspects of tropical rainforest

A

high and constant temp. and humidity

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5
Q

Seasonality of tropical rainforest

A

not very seasonal
so
dry and wet season - last roughly 6 months each

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6
Q

Flora characteristics of tropical rainforest

A
  • tall tress with buttress bases
  • 2 understory levels typically smaller trees
  • shrub and herb layers not well developed
  • epiphytes and lianas (vines) are common and climb trees for light access
  • high tree species diversity
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7
Q

In a tropical forest biome are plants evergreen or deciduous?
how does this affect leaf loss

A

nearly all are evergreen,

therefore leaf loss is at irregular intervals and not connected to climatic fluctuations

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8
Q

Subtropical forest biome

A

Humid tropical areas characterised by a moderate difference between summer and winter.

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9
Q

Seasonality in subtropical forest biome

A

a wet-dry type rather than hot-cold type

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10
Q

Subtropical forest biome distribution

A

outside the equatorial zone but are within or border the tropical zone

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11
Q

Stratification of sub tropical forest compared rainforests

A

simpler stratification in subtropical, only one understory layer

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12
Q

In a subtropical forest biome are plants evergreen or deciduous?
how does this affect leaf loss

A

plants tend to be evergreen,
but
may lose their leaves during dry season

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13
Q

Monsoon forest biome

A

Occurs in regions in the tropics, whose total annual rainfall is high (higher than tropical forest)

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14
Q

Seasonality in monsoon forest biome

A

pronounced wet and dry periods,

inc. the monsoon

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15
Q

Stratification of monsoon forests

A

simple,

single understory tree layer

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16
Q

In a monsoon forest biome are plants evergreen or deciduous?

A

canopy is deciduous

understory is evergreen

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17
Q

Temperate rainforest

A

Located between the poles and the tropics, in the temperate region, the coldest of the rainforests.

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18
Q

Seasonality of the temperate rainforest biome

A

definite seasonality in temp. and rainfall

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19
Q

Rainfall in temperate rainforest biome

A

high rainfall but very heavy fog which is possibly a more important water source for vegetation

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20
Q

Species diversity of temperate rainforests

A

lower than other rainforests but higher than other temperate forests

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21
Q

Temperate rainforest biome canopies

A

canopies include tallest trees in the world such as the sequoia family (giant redwoods)

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22
Q

Tropical savanna

A

intermediate between forest and grassland found in the tropics

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23
Q

Rainfall in the tropical savanna

A

very non-uniform

24
Q

Vegetation/ fauna in the tropical savanna

A
  • small trees are present but sparsely distributed, no continuous canopy
  • Grasses are most common plants and may reach 2m
25
Q

Some tropical savanna’s have the same climatic regimes as forests, why are savanna’s found?

A
  • Fire and grazing of animals is widespread

- This gives grasses competitive advantage over tree species and maintains the savanna biome

26
Q

Deserts (desert shrub)

A

Desert biomes exist in the driest environments

27
Q

Desert biome climate

A
  • temperature range across different deserts from very hot to very cold
  • dry
28
Q

Desert biome vegetation

A
  • Shrubs and cacti, well adapted to conserving water

- Rapidly growing annuals, entire life cycle on water from one rainy spell

29
Q

Variety in the desert biome

A

great variety as found in both subtropical areas and arctic

30
Q

Mediterranean woodland and shrubland

climate

A

warm, dry summers and cold, moist winters

31
Q

Where is the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland found

A

Europe, California, Australasia

32
Q

Vegetation/ flora in the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland

A
  • Low evergreen trees/ tall shrubs (3-4m high) with small hard needles or slightly broader leaves
  • Matorral (chaparral, maquis) results form degradation of evergreen woodland
33
Q

Species diversity in the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland biome

A

Species diversity lower than temperate deciduous forest and higher than dryer grassland

34
Q

What is an important factor in the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland biome

A

fire

35
Q

How are plants adapted to fire in the Mediterranean woodland and shrubland biome

A

regeneration

36
Q

Temperate grasslands seasonality

A

Seasonality is pronounced for temperature and rainfall, rainfall concentrated in summer

37
Q

Temperate grasslands stratification and species diversity

A

Stratification reduced to single story, but species diversity may be high as a deciduous forest

38
Q

Vegetation/ flora in temperate grasslands

A
  • Trees form ‘gallery forests’ - strip close to stream
  • Two basic groups of grasses:

Moister areas - tall grasses over 1m
Drier regions - short grasses <1m

39
Q

How are the grasses in temperate grassland maintained?

A

grazing

40
Q

Seasonality and rainfall in the temperate deciduous forest biome

A

Seasonality is extremely well marked, hot-cold type

Precipitation can be uniform throughout the year

41
Q

Stratification in the temperate deciduous forest biome

A

Tree canopy is diverse but dominated by two or three species

Understory tree layer patchy but quite well developed

42
Q

Flora other than trees in the temperate deciduous forest

A
  • Shrubs are common and species diverse
  • Often two separate herb assemblage:

Spring flowers, bloom before trees come into leaf and gone by summer

Plants adapted to low light levels of forest floor and last until autumn

43
Q

Boreal coniferous forest

A

Found only in the northern hemisphere, a forest made up of coniferous trees

44
Q

Climate for the boreal coniferous forest

A

Cold regions with high rainfall and strongly seasonal climates - long winters, fairly short summers

45
Q

Species diversity for the boreal coniferous forest

A

low (as not many species can survive) and pure stands of trees and shrubs common

46
Q

Stratification in the boreal coniferous forest

A

Understory tree uncommon, but the shrubs layer rich and mosses and lichens

47
Q

Productivity and resilience of the boreal coniferous forest

A
  • Productivity and community stability lower than in any other forest biome
  • Sensitive to pests, low resilience of the systems a result of climate
48
Q

Tundra

A

The coldest biome which mostly found north of the arctic circle (arctic tundra) or above where trees grow in the mountainous regions (alpine tundra)

49
Q

Tundra soil

A

Very cold ecosystems - water permanently frozen in subsoil - permafrost

50
Q

Flora in the tundra

A

Plant adapted to very short growing season and extreme cold

Trees are absent except near rivers

Where permafrost melted deeply: scrub and heath

Mostly just a herb layer, grasses and sedges

Lichens cover exposed rocks

51
Q

Species diversity and vulnerability in the tundra

A

Diversity is very low, as are growth rates, thus community is extremely vulnerable/ fragile

52
Q

Aquatic biomes are less subject to .. than terrestrial biomes

A

climate

53
Q

Freshwater aquatic biomes classified by

A

(<1% salt concentration)

Rivers

Lakes

Estuaries

54
Q

Marine biomes classified by

A

(>1% salt concentration)

Difference in depth and light availability:

  • Intertidal zones
  • Coral reefs
  • Oceanic pelagic
  • Abyssal zones (no light)
55
Q

Marine biome covers how much of the Earth’s surface

A

75%

Environmental processes and systems, LEC 103 (10 decks)

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