Difference Tests + Ch13 Flashcards
Statistics
Sample values
Parameters
Estimated population values
Statistical inference
Estimation of population values by analyzing sample
2 types of statistical inference
Parameter estimation technique (confidence intervals)
Hypothesis testing
Confidence level
The percent associated with the confidence interval
Margin of error
The +/-% of a study’s finding from a sample
eg: 45% with a margin of error of 2% from a sample means that the study taken from the confidence interval will fall within 43-47%
Confidence interval
The number associated with the confidence level
eg: 95% confidence level = 19/20 confidence interval
Two possible hypothesis test results
There is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative hypothesis
There is insufficient evidence and we “fail to reject” the null hypothesis
P-value
The likelihood that the result happened by chance
Null hypothesis (H0)
The hypothesis you are trying to disprove
Alternative hypothesis (Ha)
The hypothesis you are trying to prove
P-value of 0.05 or less
You reject null hypothesis
Effect size
Strength of phenomenon
False alarm (type 1)
False positive, incorrecty confirmed
Miss (type 2)
False negative, incorrectly rejected
Analysis of differences within groups
One sample t-test
Paired samples t-test
One sample t-test
Does the mean differ from the benchmark?
Paired sample t-test
Does the mean for one variable differ from the mean for another variable?
Analyses of differences between groups
Chi-square test of difference
Independent-sample t-test
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Chi-square test of difference
Does the proportion in one group differ from the proportion in another group?
Independent samples t-test
Does the mean of one group differ from the mean of another group?
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Are there differences in the means of 3+ groups?
Post hoc tests
Options that are available to determine where the pair(s) of statistically significant differences between the means exist(s)
