Dietary Fats

Question 1

What kind of fat is solid at room temperature

Answer 1

saturated fat

Question 2

Evolutionary history of diets

Answer 2

1. Hunter/Gatherer
   - 50% of calories from meat, high protein diet
   - meat was lean, low in fat especially saturated fat
   - fish higher in omega 3 fat
   - high fiber
2. Agrarian
   - less meat = lower in protein
   - grains = higher in carb, lower in fat

Question 3

What are the biggest changes in modern diet?

Answer 3

1. Increased omega 6 fat
2. Trans fat
3. Reduced whole grains and fiber
4. Increased total energy intake (calories), no fasting

Question 4

More useful to talk about how much fat someone is eating or what kinds?

Answer 4

Which kinds of fat are more important

Question 5

What does a comorbidity of diabetes mean for what you eat?

Answer 5

Prevent diabetes, or worsening of diabetes, may be able to stave off CVD

Question 6

High fat diets

Answer 6

• high fat diets are often high calorie diets

- observational studies show that % of fat is not so much important as the type of fat

Question 7

Cholesterol and death rate

Answer 7

Dietary cholesterol has little influence on plasma control

BUT high serum cholesterol leads to high mortality

Question 8

Dietary fat and atherosclerosis

Answer 8

Animal studies:
-everything is tightly controlled, saturated fat has most atherosclerosis

• LDL receptor K/O shows that atherosclerosis is highest in trans fats, and low fat, low carb diet has least atherosclerosis

Epidemiological studies:

• carb better than saturated fat
• monounsaturated is better than carb
• Anything is better than trans fat

Question 9

Mediterranean diet

Answer 9

1. Higher fat diet, but monounsaturated fat
2. Less carb
3. Abundance of plants
4. Wine daily with meals
5. Cheese & yogurt daily
6. Olive oil as a principal source of fat
7. Fresh fruit for dessert
8. Fish and poultry in low amounts
9. 0-4 eggs a week
10. Red meat in low amounts

Short term interventional trials show lower total cholesterol, higher HDL, lower TG

10-40% risk reduction

Question 10

Nuts and serum lipids

Answer 10

lowers total cholesterol, lowers LDL, mild decline in HDL, decreased TG

Question 11

Plant sterols

Answer 11

Look like cholesterol but isolated from plant fats

Question 12

Diets

Answer 12

Atkins: 20 g carb per day
Ornish: 10% fat vegeterian diet with yoga based exercise and stress reduction
Zone: 30% fat, 30% protein, 40% carb
Mediterranean: High monounsaturated

Question 13

Biggest difference between diet efficacy?

Answer 13

What can you adhere to? This is most important.

The composition of the diet really doesn’t matter

Question 14

High fat diets and insulin resistance

Answer 14

• mediated by increase in body fat
• worst with high n-6 fats.
• Saturated fat makes insulin action deteriorate fastest

Question 15

2 strategies for preventing diabetes

Answer 15

1. Reduce total calories (low fat diet because high fat = high cal)
2. Mediterranean diet