Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Energy
- The ability to do work
- In a cell, this includes building complex molecules, muscle contraction and active transport
Potential Energy
- Stored energy
Kinetic Energy
- Energy of motion
Chemical Energy
- Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
What releases energy?
- Breaking of the bond
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Cellular energy
- Food must be converted to ATP much like crude oil must be converted to gasoline before use
- ATP is to cells as gasoline is to cars
ATP Structure
- ATP is a nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, base)
- Adenine, ribose sugar, three phosphate molecules
When we eat, we consume _____
They need to be broken down into their _____ in order to be used as a fuel source to make ATP
- Macromolecules
- Monomers
Macromolecules to Monomers
(Carbs, Protein, Fats, Nucleic Acids)
How many cals per gram of energy?
- Carbohydrates: polysaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose)
4 calories/gram - Protein: protein to amino acids
4 calories/gram - Fats: triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
9 calories/gram - Nucleic Acids: Not a significant source of energy for cells
Energy in food is measured in ___
Lower case c = ?
Capital C = ?
- Calories
- A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
- A Calorie is equal to 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (1kcal)
Aerobic Respiration
__ is consumed, energy is captured in the bonds of __ and __ and __ are given off as waste products.
- The process by which sugars, fats, and amino acids from our diets are
used as fuels to produce ATP - Oxygen, ATP, carbon dioxide , water
What are the 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration?
- Glycolysis
- The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
- Electron Transport Chain
(Did not put any notes on specifics here so go back to docs to look over about the 3)
When does anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occur?
- The absence of oxygen
2 Steps of Anaerobic Respiration
a. Glycolysis
1. Converts glucose into __
2. Produces _ ATP
3. Electrons stripped from glucose during glycolysis are picked up by __ making __
b. Fermentation
1. __, NADH cannot deliver the electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
2. NADH donates electrons to __, producing fermentation products like lactic acid or alcohol (when muscles burn thats __) (lactic acid will convert back to pyruvate once there is __ available)
1a. Pyruvate
2. 2
3. NAD+, NADH
1b. Without oxygen
2. Pyruvate, lactic acid, oxygen)
Energy cannot be __ nor __, merely __ from one form to another
- Created, destroyed, transferred
