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Paeds > Diet and Nutrition > Flashcards

Diet and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Daily Intake (Calories) for a person?

A

Varies based on age, gender, physical activity, body size

Women and older adults: 1600-1800 calories

Kids, teen girls, active women and most men: 2000 calories

Teen boys and active men: 2200 calories

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2
Q

What is the Daily Intake by servings?

A

Vegetable :75gm

Meat: 65-100 gm (cooked)

Fruit: 150gm

Milk: 250ml of fresh milk, 12-ml of evaporated milk

Grains: 500kJ (1 slice of bread or 1/2 cup of cooked rice)

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3
Q

Dietary Recommendations for Infants

A
  1. Newborns need 3-4 times of an adult
  2. WHO recommends exclusive breast feeding for 1st 6 months
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4
Q

What does Breast Milk contain?

A

Lower protein and mineral content than cow’s milk -> Lower solute load for the immature kidney

Other nutrients: Iron, essential fatty acids, cholesterol for myelin synthesis

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5
Q

Mom’s intake for Breastfeeding

A

Extra 500kcal/day

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6
Q

How long does it take to transition to solid foods?

A

6 months

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7
Q

Process of Nutritional Deficiency Toxicity

A
  1. Overt clinical signs and anatomical lesions
  2. Non-observable signs: Impaired immune function and healing
  3. Change in blood and tissue levels
  4. Diet history and evaluation
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8
Q

What is the link between cancers and diet?

A

Increased nitrate and salt intake -> Risk of stomach, nasopharyngeal or oral carcinoma

Increased alcohol consumption -> Risk of oral carcinoma

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9
Q

Implications of Calcium Deficiency

A

Incomplete calcification of teeth, tooth, bone malformations, osteoporosis

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10
Q

Implications of Phosphorus Deficiency

A

Incomplete calcification of teeth, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

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11
Q

Implications of Phosphorus Excess

A

Potential for increased skeletal porosity

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12
Q

Implications for Fluoride Excess

A

Acute vs Chronic Fluorosis

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13
Q

Implications of Magnesium Deficiency

A

Risk for osteoporosis and alveolar bone fragility

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14
Q

Implications of Iron Deficiency

A

Anemia -> Oral manifestations of anemia

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15
Q

Implications of Iron Excess

A

Toxicity

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16
Q

Implications of Zinc Deficiency

A

Loss or distortion of taste and smell, delayed wound healing, atrophic oral mucosa

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17
Q

Implications of Zinc Excess

A

Rare, GI disturbance, vomiting, dizziness, lack of muscle coordination

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18
Q

Implications of Cooper Deficiency

A

Decrease trabeculation, decrease tissue vascularity, increased tissue fragility

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19
Q

Implications of Copper excess

A

Wilson’s disease, vomiting, diarrhoea

20
Q

Examples of Minerals

A

Calcium, Phosphate, Fluoride, Magnesium

21
Q

Examples of non-mineralizing minerals

A

Iron, Zinc, Copper

22
Q

Examples of Fat-soluble Vitamins

A

Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K

23
Q

Implications of Vit A deficiency

A

Impaired healing, taste disturbances, desquamation of oral mucosa, xerostomia

24
Q

Implications of Vit E deficiency

A

Enamel defects in rats

25
Q

Implications of Vit K deficiency

A

Bleeding

26
Q

Examples of water-soluble vitamins

A

Thiamin (Vit B1)
Vitamin C

27
Q

What are the Safety Issues with Dietary Supplements

A

Vitamins A and D have a very small range of safety

Mineral supplements have a narrower range of safety than vitamins

Herbal supplements have interactions with other medications but no regulation

28
Q

Effects of folic acid antagonist on dental development

A

Children with clefts.

Folic acid prevents neural tube defects which are embryologically related to clefts

29
Q

Effect of Vitamin A excess

A

Incidence of clefts and maxillary bone development

Inconclusive on oral clefts

30
Q

Which nutrients affect quantity of alveolar bone and bone density?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium

31
Q

Which nutrient is associated with bone density and soft tissue integrity via collagen formation?

A

Vitamin C

32
Q

What aids proper growth of mandible and maxilla and tooth eruption?

A

Diet consistency and texture: Firm diet

33
Q

What is associated with reduced mandible size and teeth crowding ?

A

Malnutrition (animals)

34
Q

Dental anomalies associated with malnutrition (animals) ?

A

Wide pulp chambers, open apices due to decreased osteogenic and osteoclastic activity

Bone is not as radiopaque

35
Q

What is associated with delayed tooth development and eruption, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypomaturation?

A

Malnutrition in humans

36
Q

What does protein deficiency cause?

A

Affect tooth size and eruption sequence

Affect salivary gland formation and function -> affects salivary flow rate

37
Q

What nutrients will affect pre-eruptive tooth development?

A
  1. Calcium, phosphate
  2. Fluorides
  3. Vitamin D
38
Q

What nutrients will affect post-eruptive tooth development?

A
  1. Sugars
  2. Acids
  3. Nutrition
39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

What foods are protective against caries?

A

Proteins, cheeses, fats, fiber, sugar alcohols

41
Q

What foods are most cariogenic?

A
  1. Simple sugars vs complex sugars
  2. Processed vs raw
42
Q

Dietary habits that affect caries risk

A
  1. Frequency of eating
  2. Food combinations: Combining fats and proteins decrease caries potential
42
Q

Oral factors that affect caries risk

A
  1. Salivary flow
  2. Physical properties of food: Retentiveness, consistency, texture
43
Q

Comparison between different substrates in causing smooth-surface caries? (Bowen WH et al 2005)

A

Cola> Sucrose > Human milk> Cow milk

44
Q

Relation between breastfeeding and ECC

A

Branger et al 2019: Breastfeeding until the age of 1 year is not associated with an increased risk of dental caries

45
Q

Nutrition in Children with Special Health Care Needs

A

Pre-eruptive impact of oral and dental structures: Hypoplastic enamel

Diet
- Decreased appetite and increased nutritional risk
- Long term use of cariogenic medications

Poor OH

Medical therapies: Loss of appetite, taste changes, nausea, vomiting, psychosocial, eating difficulties, pain from oral lesions

Paeds (10 decks)

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