Diet and Nutrition Flashcards
What is the Daily Intake (Calories) for a person?
Varies based on age, gender, physical activity, body size
Women and older adults: 1600-1800 calories
Kids, teen girls, active women and most men: 2000 calories
Teen boys and active men: 2200 calories
What is the Daily Intake by servings?
Vegetable :75gm
Meat: 65-100 gm (cooked)
Fruit: 150gm
Milk: 250ml of fresh milk, 12-ml of evaporated milk
Grains: 500kJ (1 slice of bread or 1/2 cup of cooked rice)
Dietary Recommendations for Infants
- Newborns need 3-4 times of an adult
- WHO recommends exclusive breast feeding for 1st 6 months
What does Breast Milk contain?
Lower protein and mineral content than cow’s milk -> Lower solute load for the immature kidney
Other nutrients: Iron, essential fatty acids, cholesterol for myelin synthesis
Mom’s intake for Breastfeeding
Extra 500kcal/day
How long does it take to transition to solid foods?
6 months
Process of Nutritional Deficiency Toxicity
- Overt clinical signs and anatomical lesions
- Non-observable signs: Impaired immune function and healing
- Change in blood and tissue levels
- Diet history and evaluation
What is the link between cancers and diet?
Increased nitrate and salt intake -> Risk of stomach, nasopharyngeal or oral carcinoma
Increased alcohol consumption -> Risk of oral carcinoma
Implications of Calcium Deficiency
Incomplete calcification of teeth, tooth, bone malformations, osteoporosis
Implications of Phosphorus Deficiency
Incomplete calcification of teeth, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
Implications of Phosphorus Excess
Potential for increased skeletal porosity
Implications for Fluoride Excess
Acute vs Chronic Fluorosis
Implications of Magnesium Deficiency
Risk for osteoporosis and alveolar bone fragility
Implications of Iron Deficiency
Anemia -> Oral manifestations of anemia
Implications of Iron Excess
Toxicity
Implications of Zinc Deficiency
Loss or distortion of taste and smell, delayed wound healing, atrophic oral mucosa
Implications of Zinc Excess
Rare, GI disturbance, vomiting, dizziness, lack of muscle coordination
Implications of Cooper Deficiency
Decrease trabeculation, decrease tissue vascularity, increased tissue fragility
Implications of Copper excess
Wilson’s disease, vomiting, diarrhoea
Examples of Minerals
Calcium, Phosphate, Fluoride, Magnesium
Examples of non-mineralizing minerals
Iron, Zinc, Copper
Examples of Fat-soluble Vitamins
Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K
Implications of Vit A deficiency
Impaired healing, taste disturbances, desquamation of oral mucosa, xerostomia
Implications of Vit E deficiency
Enamel defects in rats
Implications of Vit K deficiency
Bleeding
Examples of water-soluble vitamins
Thiamin (Vit B1)
Vitamin C
What are the Safety Issues with Dietary Supplements
Vitamins A and D have a very small range of safety
Mineral supplements have a narrower range of safety than vitamins
Herbal supplements have interactions with other medications but no regulation
Effects of folic acid antagonist on dental development
Children with clefts.
Folic acid prevents neural tube defects which are embryologically related to clefts
Effect of Vitamin A excess
Incidence of clefts and maxillary bone development
Inconclusive on oral clefts
Which nutrients affect quantity of alveolar bone and bone density?
Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium
Which nutrient is associated with bone density and soft tissue integrity via collagen formation?
Vitamin C
What aids proper growth of mandible and maxilla and tooth eruption?
Diet consistency and texture: Firm diet
What is associated with reduced mandible size and teeth crowding ?
Malnutrition (animals)
Dental anomalies associated with malnutrition (animals) ?
Wide pulp chambers, open apices due to decreased osteogenic and osteoclastic activity
Bone is not as radiopaque
What is associated with delayed tooth development and eruption, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypomaturation?
Malnutrition in humans
What does protein deficiency cause?
Affect tooth size and eruption sequence
Affect salivary gland formation and function -> affects salivary flow rate
What nutrients will affect pre-eruptive tooth development?
- Calcium, phosphate
- Fluorides
- Vitamin D
What nutrients will affect post-eruptive tooth development?
- Sugars
- Acids
- Nutrition
What foods are protective against caries?
Proteins, cheeses, fats, fiber, sugar alcohols
What foods are most cariogenic?
- Simple sugars vs complex sugars
- Processed vs raw
Dietary habits that affect caries risk
- Frequency of eating
- Food combinations: Combining fats and proteins decrease caries potential
Oral factors that affect caries risk
- Salivary flow
- Physical properties of food: Retentiveness, consistency, texture
Comparison between different substrates in causing smooth-surface caries? (Bowen WH et al 2005)
Cola> Sucrose > Human milk> Cow milk
Relation between breastfeeding and ECC
Branger et al 2019: Breastfeeding until the age of 1 year is not associated with an increased risk of dental caries
Nutrition in Children with Special Health Care Needs
Pre-eruptive impact of oral and dental structures: Hypoplastic enamel
Diet
- Decreased appetite and increased nutritional risk
- Long term use of cariogenic medications
Poor OH
Medical therapies: Loss of appetite, taste changes, nausea, vomiting, psychosocial, eating difficulties, pain from oral lesions
