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Biology - B1 > Diet and Hormones > Flashcards

Diet and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is needed to keep the body healthy?

A

Regular exercise and a healthy diet.

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2
Q

What happens if someone has too little food in their diet?

A

They become underweight and can have a weakened immune system, fragile bones and feel tired.

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3
Q

What happens if someone has too much food in their diet?

A

They become overweight and this can lead to diabetes, heart problems and high blood pressure.

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4
Q

What are the different food groups required for a healthy diet?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

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5
Q

Name some of the foods that come under the Carbohydrate food group.

A

Potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.

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6
Q

Name some of the foods that come under the Proteins food group.

A

Meat, fish, eggs and cheese.

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7
Q

Name some of the foods that come under the Fats food group.

A

Cheese, butter, margarine and oils.

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8
Q

Why are Carbohydrates needed by the body?

A

They are a source of energy for life processes.

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9
Q

Why are Proteins needed by the body?

A

They are needed for the growth and repair of cells.

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10
Q

Why are Fats needed by the body?

A

They are a source of energy for life processes and they are needed to make cell membranes and insulate the body.

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11
Q

Besides carbohydrates, proteins and fats, what else is important in a healthy diet?

A

Vitamins and Minerals. (In small amounts)

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12
Q

What happens to someone if they have an imbalanced diet?

A

They become malnourished. It can also lead to deficiency diseases.

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13
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction that allows cells to release energy from food.

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14
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic rate is the speed that chemical reactions take place.

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15
Q

What affects metabolic rate?

A

Age, gender and inherited factors.

It also affected by the proportion of muscle to fat in the body and the amount of exercise done.

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16
Q

What happens to metabolic rate when we exercise?

A

It increases and stays high for a while afterwards.

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17
Q

What is cholesterol and where is it made?

A

Cholesterol is needed for healthy cell membranes and is made in the liver.

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18
Q

What happens if there is too much cholesterol in the blood?

A

It increases the risk of heart disease and diseased arteries.

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19
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical substances that regulate processes in the body.

20
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

Hormones are secreted by glands and travel to their target organs in the bloodstream.

21
Q

Give an example of what hormones can be used for.

A

They can be used to control human fertility.

22
Q

What is the internal environment of the body controlled by?

A

The nervous system.

23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

24
Q

Give examples of some of the internal conditions that need to be controlled.

A

Water content
Salt content (Ion content)
Temperature of the body
Blood sugar levels

25
Q

Why and how is water content in the body controlled?

A

Water content has to be controlled to protect cells from either too much water entering or too much water leaving them.
Water can leave the body through:
-The lungs - when we exhale.
-The skin - through sweating.
-Passing urine - produced by the kidneys.

26
Q

Why and how are salt levels in the body controlled?

A

Ion levels are controlled to protect cells from too much water entering or leaving them. Ion is controlled by the loss of ions from:

  • The skin - through sweating.
  • Passing urine - produced by the kidneys
27
Q

Why and how is the temperature of the body controlled?

A

Temperature of the body is controlled to maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best. Body temperature is controlled by:

  • Sweating
  • Shivering
  • Controlling blood flow to the skin
28
Q

Why and how are the blood sugar levels controlled?

A

Blood sugar levels are controlled to provide cells with a constant supply of energy. Blood sugar levels are controlled by:
-The release and storage of glucose controlled by insulin.

29
Q

What do hormones do?

A

They regulate the functions of many cells and organs.

30
Q

What do the glands in the brain do?

A

They contain a sensitive centre called the hypothalamus, which controls the pituitary gland.

31
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

It produces thyroxine, which controls the rate of metabolism.

32
Q

What do the glands in the pancreas do?

A

They produce insulin which control the blood sugar levels.

33
Q

What do the glands in the testes do?

A

They produce testosterone which causes the changes at puberty and stimulates sperm production.

34
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

It produces adrenaline which prepares the body for rapid activity by increasing the heart rate and level of sugar in the blood and diverting blood to muscles and the brain.

35
Q

What do glands in the ovaries do?

A

It produces oestrogen which causes changes at puberty and helps control the menstrual cycle.

36
Q

Which three hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Oestrogen
Luteinising Hormone (LH)

37
Q

How does FSH help the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland. It makes two things happen:

  • It causes an egg to mature in the ovary.
  • It stimulates the ovaries to release the hormone Oestrogen.
38
Q

How does Oestrogen help the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries. Oestrogen makes two things happen:

  • It stops FSH being produced so that only one egg matures in a cycle.
  • It stimulates the pituitary gland to release the luteinizing hormone and triggers ovulation.
39
Q

What can knowledge of hormones help with?

A

It can be used to increase or decrease the chances of fertilisation and pregnancy.

40
Q

What is one way of reducing the chances of getting pregnant?

A

The oral contraceptive (the pill), greatly reduces the chances of mature eggs being produced. It contains oestrogen or progesterone. These hormones inhibit the production of FSH, which stops eggs maturing in the ovaries.

41
Q

What are the benefits and risks of oral contraceptives?

A

Oral contraceptives allow couples to choose when they want to start and stop having children.
The first birth-control pills contained higher amounts of oestrogen than the pills taken today. This caused side effects such as changes in weight, mood and blood pressure. Modern birth control pills contain much less oestrogen. Some of them only contain progesterone, which also leads to fewer side effects.

42
Q

Why do some women have difficulty getting pregnant?

A

Because they do not produce enough FSH to allow their eggs to mature.

43
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of fertility treatments?

A

Because fertility treatments boost the production of mature eggs, multiple conceptions sometimes occur, with twins or triplets being expected. This increases the risk of complications in pregnancy or childbirth, and may lead to premature or underweight babies.

44
Q

Name a popular fertility treatment.

A

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

45
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF is when a woman’s egg is fertilised outside of her body and then implanted back into her uterus.

46
Q

What are some of the problems with IVF?

A

Some people are concerned that couples may want designer babies with desirable qualities.

Biology - B1 (9 decks)

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