Diet Flashcards
6 months of age
doubles its bw
within first year
triples bw
normal child needs during 1st year
100 kcal per kilogram of bw each day
up to 6 months of age
2.2g of protein per kilogram of bw each day
6-12 months
1.56kg of protein per kilogram of bw each day
formula based on age
(age in months divide 2) +3
ex. 3/2+3 = 4.5 kg
DBW (infants)
Based on bw and age
first 6 months:
BW(gm)+(age in monthsx600)
first 7 months:
BW(gm)+(age in monthsx500)
ex.bw= 3600
age= 7 mos
3600+7x500=7100gm
=7.1 kg
TER (infants)
0-6 months
TER (kcal/day)= 120kcals x DBW (kg)
7 months-1 year
TER (kcal/day)= 110kcals x DBW (kg)
Height monitoring (infants)
Determine the Birth Height (BH)
At 1 year old = BH + 24 cm
At 2 years old = + 12 cm
At 3 years old = + 8 cm
Between 4 - 8 years old = + 6 cm every year thereafter
Breastfeeding
Indications of adequate nutrition include:
The infant has six or more wet diapers per day.
2. The infant has normal growth.
3. The infant has one or two mustard-colored bowel movements per day.
4. The breast becomes soft during nursing.
breastfeeding
Breast should be offered every 2 hours in the first few weeks.
• The infant should nurse 10-15min on each breast.
• Growth spurts occur at about 10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months; infant may nurse more frequently.
6-8months
Introduction to solid foods:
- Single-ingredient purees
- Iron-rich foods (e.g., pureed meats, iron-fortified cereals)
- Fruits and vegetables
supplementary food
The typical order of introduction begins with:
1. Cereal, usually iron-fortified rice, then oat, wheat, and mixed cereals;
2. Cooked and pureed vegetables follow;
3. Cooked and pureed fruits,
4. Egg yolk, and finally,
5. Finely ground meats.
between 6 and 12 months
toast, teething biscuits, custards, puddings, and ice cream can be added.
• Honey should never be given to an infant because it could be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria.
clostridium botulinum cause
1.Muscle weakness
2. Paralysis
3. Respiratory failure
4. Difficulty swallowing
5. Drooping eyelids
6. Weak cry
7. Poor sucking or feeding
8. Constipation
feeding problems/common disorder during infancy
Colic (kabag)
2. Regurgitation
3. Overfeeding / Underfeeding
4. Baby bottle tooth decay
5. Iron-deficiency anemia
6. Gastroesophageal reflux
7. Diarrhea
8. Failure to thrive
9. Fruit Juices and Drinks
3-6 ounces per day; avoid putting in a bottle
indications for readiness for solid foods:tips on giving new foods
- Ability to pull food into the mouth rather than pushing the tongue and food out of the mouth.
- Willingness to participate in the process.
- Ability to sit up without support.
- Having head and neck control.
- The need for additional nutrients.
- Drinking more than 32 ounces of formula or nursing 8 to 10 times in 24 hours.
1-3 years old
1,300 kcals/day
4-6 years old
1,800 kcals/day
7-10 years old
2000 kcals/day
Narin and Weil
TER= 1000 + (100x age in years)
Calorie needs for age &DBW
TER= DBW (k) x calorie allowance according to age
DBW (children)
DBW (kg) = (age in yearsx2)+ 8
e.g 5 years old
(5x2)+8=18kg
TER (children)
1-3 yrs old
105
TER (children)
4-6 yrs old
90
TER (children)
7-9 yrs old
75
TER (children)
10-12 yrs old
65 (boys)
55 (girls)
TER (adolescent)
13-15 yrs old
55 boys
45 girls
TER (adolescent)
16-19 yrs old
45 boys
40 girls
DBW (teens and adolescent)
Nutritionist-Dietitians’ Association of the Philippines (NDAP) Formula
Method:
1.Men- 112 lbs for 5 feet tall
Women - 106 lbs for 5 feet tall
- Add 4 lbs for every inch above 5 feet
Subtract 4 lbs for every inch below 5 feet
Influences on Childhood Food
Habits and Intake
1.Advertisements
sweetened cereal; fast food; candy Social
2.events and parties
pizza; soft drinks;
3.Popular snacks and beverages
“fruit snacks; cookies; ice cream; soda
4.2 parents working
5.Unscheduled meals and snacks
common food habits of toddler
- Playing with food/ Dawdling discover texture, smell, taste
- Food jags (pihikan/ choosy)
• continue to offer new foods - Food protests
• caregiver model positive, corrective behavior - Irregular eating patterns
growth has slowed; may skip meals but continue to offer regular meals and snacks
kcal and nutrient needs for young children
- Minimize sweets.
- Limit sweetened fruit juices.
- Drink 1 ml of water for each kcal of food.
- Introduce fiber slowly.
A psychological disorder that causes a client to so drastically reduce kcal that the reduction disrupts metabolism.
An inordinate fear of being fat.
Results in hair loss, low blood pressure, weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage, and even death
.anorexia nervosa
A syndrome in which the client alternately binges and purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and diuretics to get rid of ingested food.
Bulimics are said to fear that they cannot stop eating.
bulimia
•Contributing factors include heredity, overfeeding as an infant or child, psychological factors.
• Treatment
-Evaluation by physician
-Discuss plan with dietitian
-Teach teen to understand the nutrient and kcal content of fast foods
-Exercise
overweight
pregnancy recommended gain
underweight bmi less than 18.5
28 to 40 pounds
pregnancy recommended gain
normal weight 18.5- 24.9
25 to 35 lbs
pregnancy recommended gain
overweight 25-29.9
15 to 25 lbs
pregnancy recommended gain
obese >30
atleast 15 lbs
Twin pregnancy
35 to 45lbs
1 trimester
1 lb per month
2nd & 3rd trimester
1 lb per week
energy requirement for 2nd&3rd trimester
+300 kcal
protein requirement
1st trimester
+2 grams/day 1/4 serving meat/fish
protein requirement
2nd trimester
+9 grams/day or 1 serving meat/fish
protein requirement
3rd trimester
+15 grams/day or 1 serving meat/fish
folic acid
0.4 milligrams
400 micrograms per day
Iron
27mg per day
Calcium
1,000-2500 mg/day
Vitamin D
10 micrograms per day
Omega 3 fatty acids
300 milligrams per day
Vitamin A
should not exceed 3000mcg RAE/day
concerns during pregnancy
Nausea
• Constipation
• Heartburn
• Excessive weight gain
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension
• Pica
• Anemia
• Alcohol, caffeine, drugs, and tobacco
characterized by a growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, and microcephaly (small head).
fetal alcohol syndrome
micrognathia
smooth philtrum (the area between nose and upper lip),
thin upper lip,
small palpebral fissures (the horizontal eye openings)
Lactation requirements
Kcal requirements during breastfeeding increase.
• The Food and Nutrition Board suggests an increase of 500 - 1000 kcal a day for an average milk production
of 850ml of milk = 600 calories.
+20gms of protein
benefits of breastfeeding for the mother
- Ability to quickly lose the pounds gained during pregnancy.
- Stimulates uterus to contract back to its original size.
- Breastfeeding is economical.
- Provides opportunity for resting.
- Milk is always at the right
temperature and is readily available.
