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Neuroscience > Diencephalon And Internal Capsule > Flashcards

Diencephalon And Internal Capsule Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

Relay station for majority of motor and sensory connections

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1
Q

What structures are contained in the diencephalon?

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
Subthalamus
Pretectum
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2
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Major relay station for sensory and motor information from cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and limbic system

Regulates the flow of information to the cortex
Serves as a selective filter of information
Regulates activity level of cortical neurons
All sensory pathways relay in the thalamus

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3
Q

What are the three types of thalamic nuclei?

A

Relay nuclei
Association nuclei
Nonspecific nuclei

**nuclei of thalamus (except reticular nucleus) project to the ipsilateral cerebral cortex

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4
Q

General function of relay nuclei?

A

Receive specific information and serve as relay stations

Send information directly to specific localized area of cortex

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5
Q

Ventral posteriolateral (relay nuclei) function? sensory

A

Receive input from trunk and limbs from spinothalamic and medial lemniscus; projects to primary somatosensory cortex

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6
Q

Ventral posteromedial (relay nuclei) function? sensory

A

Receives taste information from medulla and vestibular information from vestibular nuclei

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7
Q

Medial geniculate (relay nucleus) function? sensory

A

Auditory system - receives fibers from midbrain; projects to auditory cortex of temporal lobe

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8
Q

Lateral geniculate (relay nucleus) function? sensory

A

Visual system - termination site of optic tract; projects to internal capsule and optic radiation

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9
Q

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral (relay nuclei) function? motor

A

Receive fibers from basal ganglia and cerebellum; project to motor area of frontal lobe

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10
Q

Association nuclei general function?

A

Connect reciprocally to large areas of cortex
Axons project from association nuclei to the cortex and axons project cortex to association nuclei
Distributes and gates the information between cortical structures

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11
Q

Anterior nucleus and lateral dorsal nucleus (association nuclei) function?

A

Part of the limbic system; involved in control of instinctive drives, emotional aspects of behavior and memory

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12
Q

Dorsal medial nucleus (association nucleus) function?

A

Extensive reciprocal connections with the cortex of frontal lobe; controls mood and emotions

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13
Q

Lateral posterior nucleus (association nucleus) function?

A

Connects with sensory association area of parietal lobe

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14
Q

Nonspecific thalamus nuclei functions?

A

Receive multiple types of input and project to widespread areas of the cortex
Regulate consciousness, arousal and attention

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15
Q

Primary blood supply to thalamus?

A

Branches of the posterior cerebral artery

16
Q

Thalamic impairment would result in?

A

Interrupt ascending pathways
Compromises or eliminates contralateral sensation
(Usually proprioception is most affected)
Rarely produces thalamic pain syndrome
(Produces severe contralateral pain with or without external stimuli)

17
Q

Hypothalamus general functions?

A

Integrates behaviors with visceral functions (coordinating eating with digestive activity)
Homeostasis (body temp, metabolic rate, blood pressure, water intake/excretion, digestion)
Eating, reproductive and defensive behaviors

18
Q

Other hypothalamus functions?

A

Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear and aversion
Regulation of circadian rhythms
Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs

19
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate bodily functions?

A

Hypothalamus functions are carried out through regulation of the pituitary gland secretions (hormones) and through efferent neural connection with the cortex

20
Q

Anterior hypothalamus functions?

A

Anterior area influences parasympathetic nervous system through projections to brainstem parasympathetic nuclei
dissipates heat

21
Q

Middle hypothalamus functions?

A

Blood pressure, heart rate, satiety

22
Q

Posterior hypothalamus functions?

A

Posterior area influences sympathetic nervous system through projections to lateral gray horn
conserves heat

23
Q

Hypothalamus output goes to?

A

Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, pituitary gland, thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord

24
Q

Blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

Penetrating branches of the anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery supply the anteromedial regions.
Penetrating branches of the posterior cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery supply the posteromedial regions.

25
Q

Epithalamus facts?

A

Forms roof over third ventricle
Houses pineal gland
Includes choroid plexus (makes CSF)

26
Q

Pineal gland functions?

A

Endocrine gland associated with seasonal cycles
Regulates sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythms)
Secretes melatonin
Influences secretions of pituitary gland, adrenals, parathyroids and islets of langerhans

27
Q

Subthalamus functions?

A

Part of basal ganglia circuit
Involved in regulating movement - rhythmic movement
Facilitates basal ganglia output nuclei
Contains projection fibers
stimulation of this area can be used to treat Parkinson’s

28
Q

Pretectum function?

A

Receives binocular input

Pupillary light reflex - produces change in pupil size in response to light input

29
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule function?

A 
Contains corticospinal tract fibers
Sensory fibers (including the medial lemniscus and the anterolateral system from the body)
30
Q

Genu of internal capsule functions?

A

Contains corticobulbar fibers, which run between the cortex and the brainstem

31
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule functions?

A

Fibers from frontal cortex to pons

Fibers connecting medial and anterior nuclei of the thalamus to frontal lobes

32
Q

Retrolenticular part of internal capsule functions?

A

Fibers from optic system, coming from lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
More posteriorly, becomes the optic radiation

33
Q

Internal capsule impairment?

A

Prevents messages from corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine, corticoreticular, and thalamocortical fibers from reaching destination
Contralateral decrease in voluntary movement
Contralateral decrease in automatics movement control
Contralateral loss of conscious somatosensation

34
Q

Internal capsule blood supply?

A

Middle cerebral artery

35
Q

Association fibers function? Ex?

A

Interconnect cortical structures within the same cerebral hemisphere
Ex: arcuate fasciculus (facilitates language); inferior longitudinal fasciculus (occipital to temporal lobe - contributes to visual recognition)

36
Q

Commissural fiber function? Ex?

A

Fibers that run from one hemisphere to the other

Ex: corpus callosum; anterior commissure

37
Q

Projection fibers function? Ex?

A

Fibers that pass between the cortex and subcortical structures
Ex: internal capsule

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