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Neuroscience > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

0
Q

Lateral sulcus, Central sulcus, and longitudinal cerebral fissure separate?

A

Lateral sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

Central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Longitudinal cerebral fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres

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1
Q

The cerebral cortex sulci and gyri do?

A

The folds help increase the surface area of the brain and allow more neurons to be compacted into a smaller cranial space.

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2
Q

Brodman’s areas include what?

A

Primary somatosensory areas, primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex and frontal eye fields

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3
Q

Look at diagrams for vascular supply to the cortex

A

Circle of Willis

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4
Q

Circle of Willis is made up of what 4 arteries?

A
  • Anterior communicating artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Posterior communicating artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
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5
Q

Anterior cerebral artery supplies what structures?

A

ACA supplies cortex (anterior-medial surface), Anterior medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes

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6
Q

Middle cerebral artery supplies?

A

MCA supplies cortex superior to Lateral (Sylvian) fissure, internal capsule, globus pallidus, putamen and caudate

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7
Q

Posterior cerebral artery supplies?

A

PCA supplies midbrain, occipital lobe and portions of medial and inferior temporal lobes

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8
Q

Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where is it produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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9
Q

Where are the ventricle located?

A

Two lateral (1 & 2): one in each cerebral hemisphere
Third (3): diencephalon
Fourth (4): surrounded by pons, medulla and cerebellum

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10
Q

The third ventricle sits where?

A

In a cavity between the right and left halves of the diencephalon

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11
Q

Communication point between lateral ventricles and third ventricle? Between third and fourth ventricles?

A

1,2->3: interventricular foramen

3->4: cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

What is the flow of CSF?

A

Choroid plexus - lateral ventricles - third ventricle (via interventricular foramen) - fourth ventricle (via cerebral aqueduct) - subarachnoid space - arachnoid granulations - reabsorbing into blood stream

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13
Q

Frontal lobe functions?

A 
Memory formation
Emotions
Decision making/reasoning
Personality
Movement
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14
Q

Primary motor cortex functions?

A
  • Area of voluntarily controlled movements
  • Source of most neurons in corticospinal tract
  • Controls contralateral movements
  • Motor homunculus
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15
Q

Supplementary motor area functions?

A
  • Situated just medial to the premotor cortex
  • Motor planning (initiation of movement, the planning of bilateral and sequential movements
  • Stores motor programs
  • Directs activity of primary motor cortex
  • Orientation of the eyes and head
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16
Q

Premotor area functions?

A
  • Controls trunk and girdle muscles

- Stabilizes the shoulders during upper limb tasks and hips during walking

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17
Q

Broca’s area functions?

A
  • Usually located in left hemisphere

- Planning movement of mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language

18
Q

Area analogous to Broca’s (on opposite hemisphere) function?

A
  • Plans nonverbal communication
  • Emotional gestures
  • Tone of voice
19
Q

Parietal lobe functions?

A
  • Senses and integrates sensations

- Spatial awareness and perception

20
Q

Parietal lobe cortical regions and functions?

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus): site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information.
  • Somatosensory association cortex: assists with integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination.
  • Primary gustatory cortex: primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation taste
21
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex functions?

A

Discriminates shape, texture or size of objects

22
Q

Primary auditory cortex functions?

A

Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

23
Q

Primary visual cortex functions?

A

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

24
Q

Primary vestibular cortex functions?

A

Discriminates among head positions and head movements

25
Q

Occipital lobe function?

A

Processing, integration, and interpretation of vision and visual stimuli

26
Q

Primary visual cortex functions?

A

Responsible for sight-recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc

27
Q

Visual association cortex functions?

A

Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex

28
Q

Temporal lobe functions?

A

Hearing, organization/comprehension of language and information retrieval (memory)

29
Q

Inferotemporal cortex functions/impairments?

A

Functions: recognition of faces, objects, and colors

Damage: inability to recognize people that one knows, early sign of Alzheimer’s disease

30
Q

Arcuate fasciculus is what?

A

A white matter tract that connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area through the Temporal, Parietal, and Frontal lobes.

Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech

31
Q

Insular lobe is what?

A

Fifth cerebral lobe phylogenetically old. Involved in taste processing

32
Q

Layer I of cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular layer - mainly axons and dendrites, few cells

33
Q

Layer II of cerebral cortex?

A

External granular layer - many small pyramidal and stellar cells, which establish intracortical connections

34
Q

Layer III of cerebral cortex?

A

Extrapyamidal layer - pyramidal cells, medium sized neurons

35
Q

Layer IV of cerebral cortex?

A

Internal granular layer - site of termination of afferent fibers from specific thalamic nuclei

36
Q

Layer V of cerebral cortex?

A

Internal pyramidal layer - origin of projection fibers to extracortical targets (basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord)

37
Q

Layer VI of cerebral cortex?

A

Multiform layer - contains association and projection neurons

38
Q

Neurotransmission prompts a release of neurotransmitters causing a diffusion of cations and anions to the post synaptic vesicles. What is the difference between cation and anion binding on the receptor sites?

A

Cations channels cause excitation (Na+, K+)

Anion channels cause inhibition (Cl-)

39
Q

Connections between and within hemispheres of the brain are relayed through what types of fibers?

A

Association fibers - afferent fibers that arise in the same hemisphere
Commissural fibers - afferent fibers arising in the contralateral hemisphere

40
Q

Types of association fibers are?

A

Short fibers connecting adjacent gyri.
Long fibers: superior longitudinal fasciculus, accurate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum, uncinate fasciculus

41
Q

Types of Commissural fibers are?

A

Anterior commissure, posterior commissure, habenular commissure, and corpus callosum

42
Q

Corona radiata contains what?

A

Both ascending and descending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic to and from the cerebral cortex

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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