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Alimentary > diarrhoea > Flashcards

diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

melaena apperance

A

dark tarry faeces

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2
Q

melaena cause

A

digested blood from upper GIT

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3
Q

dyschezia

A

difficult or painful pooing

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4
Q

haematochezia

A

fresh blood in poo

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5
Q

haematochezia cause

A

bleeding in lower intestine

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6
Q

tenesmus

A

ineffectual straining to poo

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7
Q

4 small intestinal diarrhoea presenting signs

A
  • large volume
  • some weight loss
  • vomiting
  • loss of general condition
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8
Q

6 large intestinal diarrhoea presenting signs

A
  • mucous
  • frequent
  • tenesmus
  • dyschezia
  • weight loss
  • vomiting
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9
Q

4 small intestine diarrhoea differential diagnosis

A
  • diet
  • helminths
  • protozoa
  • iatrogenic
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10
Q

5 causes of small intestinal diarrhoea with systemic signs

A
  • bacterial infection
  • viral infection
  • pancreatitis
  • haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
  • toxins
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11
Q

2 bacterial causes of diarrhoea

A
  • salmonella

- campylobacter

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12
Q

3 viral causes of diarrhoea

A
  • distemper
  • parvo
  • panleukopenia
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13
Q

4 large intestinal diarrhoea differential diagnosis

A
  • whipworms
  • clostridia
  • giardia
  • campylobacter
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14
Q

3 chronic small intestinal diarrhoea differential diagnosis

A
  • metabolic
  • pancreatic
  • intestinal
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15
Q

3 metabolic causes of chronic small intestinal diarrhoea

A
  • hepatic disease
  • hyperthyroidism
  • renal insufficiency
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16
Q

2 pancreatic causes of chronic small intestinal diarrhoea

A
  • exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

- chronic pancreatitis

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17
Q

5 differential diagnosis for chronic large intestinal diarrhoea

A

intestinal

  • IBD
  • polyps
  • allergy
  • neoplasia
  • chronic partial obstruction
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18
Q

exploratory laparotomy mortality

A

20%

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19
Q

2 allergic cause of diarrhoea symptoms

A
  • chronic intermittent diarrhoea

- hair loss due to itching. cats (face and ears) dog (axillary area and paws)

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20
Q

treatment for diarrhoea caused by allergies

A

elimination diet. should stop signs in 2 weeks then continue for 6-8 to make sure right one.

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21
Q

antibiotic response diarrhoea clinical signs

A
  • chronic small intestinal or mixed diarrhoea
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22
Q

IBD diagnosis

A

by elimination of all ddx

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23
Q

treatment of IBD in dog

A
  • try elimination diet
  • then put on metronidazole
  • then try steroids
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24
Q

treatment of IBD in cat

A

elimination diet if not work straight onto prednisolone

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25
Q

define protein losing enteropathy

A

syndrome of intestinal diseases which cause increased permeability to plasma proteins meaning that they get lost in the intestinal lumen, or due to lymphatic blockage

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26
Q

protein losing enteropathy bloods show

A
  • low albumin

- low globulins

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27
Q

3 causes of protein losing enteropathy

A
  • IBD
  • lymphangiectasia
  • neoplasia
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28
Q

5 clinical signs of protein losing enteropathy

A
  • diarrhoea
  • vomiting
  • anorexia
  • weight loss
  • ascites
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29
Q

3 factors to consider FA diarrhoea

A
  • pathogens
  • animal factors (age)
  • management/environmental
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30
Q

E. Coli on faecal culture

A

not significant as will grow on any faecal culture

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31
Q

colisepticaemia

A

extraintestinal infection of E.Coli

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32
Q

ETEC

A

enterotoxigenic E.Coli

33
Q

age of presentation for neonatal enteritis

A

1-3 weeks

34
Q

2 factors required for ETEC pathogenesis

A
  • adhesive fimbriae

- enterotoxin

35
Q

ETEC LT

A
  • labile toxin
  • similar to cholera
  • attaches to brush border of small intestine
36
Q

ETEC ST

A
  • stable toxin

- short lived

37
Q

2 ETEC enterotoxins

A
  • ST stable toxin

- LT labile toxin

38
Q

STEC

A

shiga toxin producing E.Coli

39
Q

shiga toxin is encoded by..

A

bacteriophage which infects E.Coli

40
Q

STEC causes in calves

A
  • haemorrhagic colitis

- haemolytic uraemic syndrome (renal failure)

41
Q

Age of rotavirus infection in calves

A

1-3 weeks

42
Q

morbidity and mortality of rotavirus calves

A
  • high morbidity (lots infected)

- low mortality (few die)

43
Q

areas of small intestine infection rotavirus

A
  • duodenum

- jejunum

44
Q

coronavirus age of infection calves

A

older calves than rotavirus

45
Q

mortality of coronavirus compared to rotavirus

A

slightly higher

46
Q

areas if infection coronavirus

A
  • ileum, caecum, colon

- also cause respiratory disease

47
Q

salmonella in faecal culture

A

always significant

48
Q

samonella causes in cows

A
  • systemic illness

- pyrexia

49
Q

salmonella transmission

A

chronic infection is passed at times of stress e.g. parturition

50
Q

age of coccidiosis infection

A

older weaned calves

51
Q

coccidiosis clinical signs

A
  • blood stained poo

- subclinical

52
Q

3 differential diagnosis adult cattle diarrhoea

A
  • johnes disease
  • SARA
  • salmonella
53
Q

cause of johnes disease

A

MAP mycobactirium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

54
Q

MAP1 causes

A
  • severe diarrhoea
  • weight loss
  • v. infectious
55
Q

treatment MAP1

A

no cure.

56
Q

MAP2 acquired

A

at a young age, clinical signs don’t show for a few years though

57
Q

`5 methods MAP diagnosis

A
  • faecal culture
  • ELISA
  • PCR
  • gut biopsy
  • necroscopy (autopsy)
58
Q

GIT upper intestine obstruction 6 presentations

A
  • acute and severe
  • vomiting
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • dehydration
  • decreased renal flow
  • uraemia
59
Q

lower intestine obstruction presentation

A
  • less acute than upper intestinal obstruction
  • some vomiting
  • fluid being reabsorbed proximal to obstruction
  • pressure from fluid can cause ulceration, infarction, haemorrhage and peritonitis
60
Q

what will chronic lower intestine obstruction cause

A
  • dehydration
  • catabolism of muscle and fat producing ketoacids
  • metabolic acidosis
61
Q

5 mechanisms for bacterial diarrhoea

A
  • altered epithelial cell transport
  • altered structure and permeability
  • osmotic effects
  • altered motility
  • damage to colonic mucosa
62
Q

what part of intestinal wall does rotavirus infect

A

upper part of villi. not crypts

63
Q

what part of intestinal wall does parvovirus infect

A

crypts, so the villi cant grow back

64
Q

3 types of IBD

A
  • lymphoplasmacytic
  • eosinophilic
  • granulomatous
65
Q

cause of IBD

A

polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes (TLR) which bind to microbes based on the receptors

66
Q

grass sickness horse cause

A

botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. which affects the autonomic nerve ganglia so stopping peristalsis on the gut

67
Q

acute presentation of grass sickness horse

A
  • nasogastric reflux
  • oesophageal ulceration
  • gastric dilation/rupture
68
Q

chronic/subacute presentation grass sickness horse

A
  • weight loss
  • muscle tremors
  • rhinitis sicca
  • dysphagia
  • patchy sweating
  • constipation
  • large colon impaction
69
Q

rhinitis sicca

A

inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes resulting in chronic dryness

70
Q

prevention of grass sickness

A

vaccination

71
Q

diarrhoea in adult horses is usually from

A

large intestine

72
Q

diarrhoea in foals is from

A

large or small intestine

73
Q

4 causes of young foal diarrhoea

A
  • foal heat diarrhoea
  • viral
  • clostridial
  • salmonella
74
Q

4 causes of older foal diarrhoea

A
  • parasitic
  • proliferative enteropathy
  • salmonella
  • clostridia
75
Q

endotoxin is released by

A

gram negative bacteria during rapid cell growth or cell death

76
Q

endotoxin (endotoxaemia) causes 5 things

A
  • systemic inflammation
  • CV and GI dysfunction
  • shock
  • organ failure
  • death
77
Q

9 clinical signs of endotoxaemia

A
  • fever
  • depression
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
  • diarrhoea
  • colic
  • hyperaemic mucous membranes
  • decreased WBC count
  • decreased neutrophils with immature band neutrophils
78
Q

treatment endotoxaemia

A
  • neutralisation
  • prevent release or production
  • prevent inflammatory response
  • stop endotoxin induced cell activation
    use polymixin B, pentoxifylline, or flunixine

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