diarrhoea Flashcards
melaena apperance
dark tarry faeces
melaena cause
digested blood from upper GIT
dyschezia
difficult or painful pooing
haematochezia
fresh blood in poo
haematochezia cause
bleeding in lower intestine
tenesmus
ineffectual straining to poo
4 small intestinal diarrhoea presenting signs
- large volume
- some weight loss
- vomiting
- loss of general condition
6 large intestinal diarrhoea presenting signs
- mucous
- frequent
- tenesmus
- dyschezia
- weight loss
- vomiting
4 small intestine diarrhoea differential diagnosis
- diet
- helminths
- protozoa
- iatrogenic
5 causes of small intestinal diarrhoea with systemic signs
- bacterial infection
- viral infection
- pancreatitis
- haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
- toxins
2 bacterial causes of diarrhoea
- salmonella
- campylobacter
3 viral causes of diarrhoea
- distemper
- parvo
- panleukopenia
4 large intestinal diarrhoea differential diagnosis
- whipworms
- clostridia
- giardia
- campylobacter
3 chronic small intestinal diarrhoea differential diagnosis
- metabolic
- pancreatic
- intestinal
3 metabolic causes of chronic small intestinal diarrhoea
- hepatic disease
- hyperthyroidism
- renal insufficiency
2 pancreatic causes of chronic small intestinal diarrhoea
- exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
- chronic pancreatitis
5 differential diagnosis for chronic large intestinal diarrhoea
intestinal
- IBD
- polyps
- allergy
- neoplasia
- chronic partial obstruction
exploratory laparotomy mortality
20%
2 allergic cause of diarrhoea symptoms
- chronic intermittent diarrhoea
- hair loss due to itching. cats (face and ears) dog (axillary area and paws)
treatment for diarrhoea caused by allergies
elimination diet. should stop signs in 2 weeks then continue for 6-8 to make sure right one.
antibiotic response diarrhoea clinical signs
- chronic small intestinal or mixed diarrhoea
IBD diagnosis
by elimination of all ddx
treatment of IBD in dog
- try elimination diet
- then put on metronidazole
- then try steroids
treatment of IBD in cat
elimination diet if not work straight onto prednisolone
define protein losing enteropathy
syndrome of intestinal diseases which cause increased permeability to plasma proteins meaning that they get lost in the intestinal lumen, or due to lymphatic blockage
protein losing enteropathy bloods show
- low albumin
- low globulins
3 causes of protein losing enteropathy
- IBD
- lymphangiectasia
- neoplasia
5 clinical signs of protein losing enteropathy
- diarrhoea
- vomiting
- anorexia
- weight loss
- ascites
3 factors to consider FA diarrhoea
- pathogens
- animal factors (age)
- management/environmental
E. Coli on faecal culture
not significant as will grow on any faecal culture
colisepticaemia
extraintestinal infection of E.Coli
ETEC
enterotoxigenic E.Coli
age of presentation for neonatal enteritis
1-3 weeks
2 factors required for ETEC pathogenesis
- adhesive fimbriae
- enterotoxin
ETEC LT
- labile toxin
- similar to cholera
- attaches to brush border of small intestine
ETEC ST
- stable toxin
- short lived
2 ETEC enterotoxins
- ST stable toxin
- LT labile toxin
STEC
shiga toxin producing E.Coli
shiga toxin is encoded by..
bacteriophage which infects E.Coli
STEC causes in calves
- haemorrhagic colitis
- haemolytic uraemic syndrome (renal failure)
Age of rotavirus infection in calves
1-3 weeks
morbidity and mortality of rotavirus calves
- high morbidity (lots infected)
- low mortality (few die)
areas of small intestine infection rotavirus
- duodenum
- jejunum
coronavirus age of infection calves
older calves than rotavirus
mortality of coronavirus compared to rotavirus
slightly higher
areas if infection coronavirus
- ileum, caecum, colon
- also cause respiratory disease
salmonella in faecal culture
always significant
samonella causes in cows
- systemic illness
- pyrexia
salmonella transmission
chronic infection is passed at times of stress e.g. parturition
age of coccidiosis infection
older weaned calves
coccidiosis clinical signs
- blood stained poo
- subclinical
3 differential diagnosis adult cattle diarrhoea
- johnes disease
- SARA
- salmonella
cause of johnes disease
MAP mycobactirium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
MAP1 causes
- severe diarrhoea
- weight loss
- v. infectious
treatment MAP1
no cure.
MAP2 acquired
at a young age, clinical signs don’t show for a few years though
`5 methods MAP diagnosis
- faecal culture
- ELISA
- PCR
- gut biopsy
- necroscopy (autopsy)
GIT upper intestine obstruction 6 presentations
- acute and severe
- vomiting
- metabolic alkalosis
- dehydration
- decreased renal flow
- uraemia
lower intestine obstruction presentation
- less acute than upper intestinal obstruction
- some vomiting
- fluid being reabsorbed proximal to obstruction
- pressure from fluid can cause ulceration, infarction, haemorrhage and peritonitis
what will chronic lower intestine obstruction cause
- dehydration
- catabolism of muscle and fat producing ketoacids
- metabolic acidosis
5 mechanisms for bacterial diarrhoea
- altered epithelial cell transport
- altered structure and permeability
- osmotic effects
- altered motility
- damage to colonic mucosa
what part of intestinal wall does rotavirus infect
upper part of villi. not crypts
what part of intestinal wall does parvovirus infect
crypts, so the villi cant grow back
3 types of IBD
- lymphoplasmacytic
- eosinophilic
- granulomatous
cause of IBD
polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes (TLR) which bind to microbes based on the receptors
grass sickness horse cause
botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. which affects the autonomic nerve ganglia so stopping peristalsis on the gut
acute presentation of grass sickness horse
- nasogastric reflux
- oesophageal ulceration
- gastric dilation/rupture
chronic/subacute presentation grass sickness horse
- weight loss
- muscle tremors
- rhinitis sicca
- dysphagia
- patchy sweating
- constipation
- large colon impaction
rhinitis sicca
inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes resulting in chronic dryness
prevention of grass sickness
vaccination
diarrhoea in adult horses is usually from
large intestine
diarrhoea in foals is from
large or small intestine
4 causes of young foal diarrhoea
- foal heat diarrhoea
- viral
- clostridial
- salmonella
4 causes of older foal diarrhoea
- parasitic
- proliferative enteropathy
- salmonella
- clostridia
endotoxin is released by
gram negative bacteria during rapid cell growth or cell death
endotoxin (endotoxaemia) causes 5 things
- systemic inflammation
- CV and GI dysfunction
- shock
- organ failure
- death
9 clinical signs of endotoxaemia
- fever
- depression
- tachypnoea
- tachycardia
- diarrhoea
- colic
- hyperaemic mucous membranes
- decreased WBC count
- decreased neutrophils with immature band neutrophils
treatment endotoxaemia
- neutralisation
- prevent release or production
- prevent inflammatory response
- stop endotoxin induced cell activation
use polymixin B, pentoxifylline, or flunixine
