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Alimentary > Abdominal pain and colic > Flashcards

Abdominal pain and colic Flashcards

1
Q

4 intestinal causes of colic

A
  • gas
  • impaction
  • displacement
  • strangulation
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2
Q

4 things confused with colic

A
  • laminitis
  • musculoskeletal pain
  • neurologic disease
  • botulism
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3
Q

9 ways a horse expresses pain

A
  • restlessness
  • recumbent outside normal routine
  • pawing
  • going to lie down then getting back up again
  • rolling without shaking of shavings, can also get abrasions from rolling
  • muscle fasciculations (twitching)
  • looking at flank
  • kicking abdomen
  • sweating
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4
Q

normal amount of nasogastric reflux from horse

A

2 litres

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5
Q

increased amount of nasogastric reflux from a horse indicates

A

proximal obstruction

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6
Q

normal fluid from equine abdominocentesis appearance

A

clear to straw coloured

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7
Q

12 things you can feel on horse rectal

A
  • to the left the large intestine
  • pelvic flexure of large intestine
  • left kidney
  • bladder
  • reproductive tract
  • small colon
  • spleen
  • inguinal rings
  • mesenteric root
  • aorta
  • small intestinal distension
  • caecum
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8
Q

what does the large intestine of the horse feel like (3)

A
  • sacculations
  • wide diameter
  • taeniae bands
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9
Q

what does pelvic flexure of large intestine horse feel like (2)

A
  • smooth

- mesenteric band

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10
Q

what does horse small colon feel like (3)

A
  • sacculations
  • 2 taeniae bands
  • faecal balls
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11
Q

what does small intestinal distension in a horse feel like

A

bicycle tyres

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12
Q

enteritis define

A

inflammation of small intestine

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13
Q

what does enteritis cause in horses (2)

A
  • hypomotility

- increased nasogastric reflux

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14
Q

typhlocolitis define

A

inflammation of large intesting

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15
Q

typhlocolitis causes (1)

A

variable amounts of diarrhoea

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16
Q

peritonitis define

A

inflammation of peritoneum

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17
Q

6-8 hours post small intestinal strangulation horse

A

intestine dies

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18
Q

4 things suggestive of medical lesion in colic horse

A
  • its not getting worse
  • low grade pain
  • still interested in food
  • lying down more than usual
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19
Q

9 things suggestive of surgical lesion horse colic

A
  • acute onset
  • worsening over time
  • multiple pain relief given
  • sweating
  • kicking
  • rolling
  • severe pain
  • no gut sounds
  • abnormal abdominocentesis
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20
Q

SA back pain can look like..

A

abdominal pain

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21
Q

6 SA signs of abdominal pain

A
  • grunting
  • growling
  • behaviour change
  • prayer position
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnoea
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22
Q

pneumoperitoneum define

A

gas in peritoneal cavity

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23
Q

pneumoperitoneum radiographic appearance

A
  • more distinct lines between intestines
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24
Q

3 techniques for abdominocentesis

A
  • open needle
  • closed needle
  • 4 quadrant
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25
Q

closed needle abdominocentesis how to

A

insert needle with attached syringe, apply gentle negative pressure

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26
Q

open needle abdominocentesis how to

A

insert needle without syringe attached

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27
Q

open needle abdominocentesis pros

A

less likely for occlusion of the needle

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28
Q

open needle abdominocentesis cons

A

can cause pneumoperitoneum so radiograph first

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29
Q

4 quadrant abdominocentesis how to

A

insert 4 needles around umbilicus at same time

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30
Q

peritoneal lavage how to

A

inject 22ml/kg of sterile saline by gravity, then remove it. this can be used for cytology

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31
Q

4 things occur if remove majority of colon

A
  • reduced storage capacity
  • increased pooing frequency
  • decreased absorption ability
  • watery poo
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32
Q

megacolon define

A

flaccid enlargement of the colon

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33
Q

megacolon causes 6 things

A
  • chronic constipation
  • large colon filled with poo
  • weight loss
  • anorexia
  • vomiting
  • tenesmus
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34
Q

sacculectomy

A

removal of anal glands

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35
Q

7 clinical signs of gastric dilated volvulus

A
  • agitation
  • restlessness
  • lethargy
  • progressive abdominal distension
  • unproductive vomiting
  • retching
  • collapse
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36
Q

4 effects of GDV

A
  • caudal vena cava obstruction
  • increased gastric pressure and avulsion of short gastric vessels
  • stretching and avulsion of splenic vessels
  • cranial pressure on diaphragm
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37
Q

3 things happen in GDV due to vena cava obstruction

A
  • decreased venous return
  • decreased cardiac output
  • hypovolaemia
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38
Q

2 things happen in GDV due to increased gastric pressure and avulsion of short gastric vessels

A
  • mucosal haemorrhage

- ischaemia and gastric wall necrosis

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39
Q

GDV what happens due to stretching and avulsion of splenic vessles

A

splenic necrosis

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40
Q

GDV causes what due to increased pressure on diaphragm

A

decreased ventilation

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41
Q

define incisional gastropexy

A

incise wall of abdomen and stomach before stitching together so that they heal together

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42
Q

define belt loop gastropexy

A

cut of a bit of stomach and loop it through hole made in abdominal wall, then sex together.

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43
Q

3 hepatic zones

A
  • periportal
  • midzonal
  • centrilobular
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44
Q

size of liver lobule

A

2mm in diameter

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45
Q

where in liver lobule is periportal zone

A

around portal triads

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46
Q

where in liver lobule is centrilobular zone

A

bordering the hepatic venule (central vein)

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47
Q

2 types of portosystemic shunt

A
  • congenital

- aquired

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48
Q

define portosystemic shunt

A

where blood bypasses the liver

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49
Q

acquired portosystemic shunt how

A

in older animal fibrosis occurs in liver causing formation of thin walled shunts

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50
Q

tension lipidosis

A

focal areas of subcapsular fatty change

51
Q

capsular fibrosis

A

commonly seen in horses, large tags are seen on liver surface

52
Q

telangiectasis

A

foci of sinusoidal dilation. see red discoloration like a blood blister

53
Q

3 effects of passive venous congestion on the liver

A
  • enlarged liver with rounded borders.
  • oozes blood when cut
  • enhanced lobular pattern, nutmeg liver
54
Q

2 vacuolar hepatopathies

A
  • hydrophic change

- glycogenosis

55
Q

define hydrophic change (liver)

A

water accumulation in hepatocytes

56
Q

define glucogenosis (liver)

A

glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes

57
Q

severe glucogenosis liver appearance (2)

A
  • pale

- enlarged

58
Q

lipidosis

A

fatty liver

59
Q

4 causes of lipidosis

A
  • obesity
  • starvation
  • increased energy demand
  • abnormal liver function
60
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

inherited deficiency of lysosomal enzymes so there is a build up of metabolites

61
Q

amyloidosis

A

amyloid proteins that can not be got rid of get stored under the endothelium and basement membrane of tissues

62
Q

amyloidosis liver appearance (3)

A
  • pale
  • enlarged
  • friable
63
Q

liver amyloidosis microscopic appearance

A

homogenous acidophilic material that gets a green birefringence when stained with congo red

64
Q

3 different patterns of liver necrosis

A
  • random
  • zonal
  • massive
65
Q

cause of random liver necrosis

A

blood bourne infection

66
Q

2 causes of zonal liver necrosis

A
  • ischaemia

- toxic damage

67
Q

cause of massive liver necrosis

A

deficiencies

68
Q

4 patterns of liver fibrosis

A
  • periacinar
  • biliary
  • post necrotic scaring
  • cirrhosis
69
Q

periacinar pattern liver fibrosis appearance

A

fibrosis occurs around the central vein

70
Q

cause of periacinar fibrosis in the liver

A

chronic passive congestion

71
Q

biliary pattern liver fibrosis cause

A

accompanies inflammation

72
Q

where biliary pattern fibrosis in the liver is seen

A

centered on portal triads

73
Q

cause of postnecrotic fibrosis of the liver

A

seen after necrosis

74
Q

cirrhosis pattern of the liver fibrosis appearance

A

extensive fibrotic lesions, may be concurrent with nodular regeneration

75
Q

define hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver parrenchyma

76
Q

common cause of hepatitis

A

infection

77
Q

cholangitis define

A

inflammation of biliary ducts

78
Q

cholangiohepatitis define

A

inflammation of liver parenchyma and bile ducts

79
Q

acute hepatitis usually involves

A

necrosis then the inflammation

80
Q

4 processes of healing after acute hepatitis

A
  • regeneration
  • repair by fibrosis and scarring
  • encapsulation by abscessation
  • persistent granulomatous disease
81
Q

3 causes of viral hepatitis

A
  • adenovirus
  • herpesvirus
  • coronavirus
82
Q

adenovirus cause

A

canine infectious hepatitis

83
Q

3 features of canine infectious hepatitis

A
  • infects young dogs
  • v. infectious
  • long term shedding of virus in urine
84
Q

canine infectious hepatitis causes

A
  • widespread haemorrhage

- lymph node and tonsil enlargement, reddening and sometimes haemorrhagic

85
Q

cause widespread haemorrhage in canine infectious hepatitis

A

as has tropism or endothelium

86
Q

animals recovering from canine infectious hepatitis may have

A

uveitis

87
Q

uveitis define

A

inflammation of the uvea (coloured bit of eye)

88
Q

4 herpesvirus causing viral hepatitis

A
  • equine viral rhinopneumonitis
  • infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
  • feline viral rhinopneumonitis
  • aujezskys disease in pigs
89
Q

coronavirus causing hepatitis

A

feline infectious peritonitis

90
Q

how does feline infectious peritonitis cause hepatitis (3 steps)

A
  • enteric coronavirus mutates
  • systemic vasculitis and effusions
  • multiple organ pyogranulomatous lesions
91
Q

2 forms feline infectious peritonitis

A
  • wet (effusive)

- dry (granulomatous)

92
Q

6 bacterial causes of hepatitis

A
  • fusobacterium necrophorum in cattle
  • infectious necrotic hepatitis
  • bacillary haemoglobinuria in cattle
  • tyzzers disease
  • leptospirosis
  • salmonellosis
93
Q

fusobacterium necrophorum cause what in cattle

A

bacterial necrosis

94
Q

fusobacterium cecophorum enters the body how in cattle

A
  • via umbilical infection in calves

- rumenitis in cattle

95
Q

appearance of fusobacterium necrophorum in liver (2)

A
  • multiple pale foci of necrosis

- develop into abscesses

96
Q

fusobacterium necrophorum microscope appearance

A

coagulative necrosis with bacteria at edges

97
Q

cause infectious necrotic hepatitis

A

clostridium novyi type B

98
Q

3 appearance of infectious necrotic hepatitis

A
  • extensive subcutaneous venous congestion and oedema
  • fibrinous peritoneal, thoracic and pericardial fluid
  • pale foci of necrosis surrounded by haemorrhage
99
Q

cause of bacillary haemogobinuria

A

clostridium haemolyticum

100
Q

bacillary hemoglobinuria is similar to

A

infectious necrotic hepatitis

101
Q

3 clinical signs of bacillary haemoglobinuria

A
  • anaemia
  • jaundice
  • haemaglobinuria
102
Q

liver and kidney appearance bacillary haemaglobinuria

A
  • large necrotic foci on liver

- haemoglobin staining kidney

103
Q

cause of tyzzers disease

A

clostridium piliforme

104
Q

leptospirosis causes (4)

A
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • widespread haemorrhage
  • icterus
  • hepatocyte dissociation
105
Q

hepatocyte dissociation in leptospirosis causes (2)

A
  • cholestasis

- hemosiderin accumulation

106
Q

cholestasis

A

bile cant flow

107
Q

5 clinical signs salmonellosis

A
  • fever
  • dehydration
  • diarrhoea
  • hemorrhagic inflammation in the ileum
  • pale foci of necrosis on liver (paratyphoid nodules)
108
Q

ascaris suum migration causes

A

milk spot liver

109
Q

fibrous tags are caused by

A

parasite migration through the liver

110
Q

acute toxic liver disease causes

A

widespread haemorrhage

111
Q

how does acute toxic liver disease cause widespread haemorrhage

A
  • reduced clotting factors are in the blood and liver isn’t making any more to replace those lost.
112
Q

2 causes toxic liver disease

A
  • blue-green algae

- iron

113
Q

3 causes chronic toxic liver disease

A
  • ragwort
  • aflatoxins
  • copper
114
Q

cholecystitis define

A

inflammation of the gall bladder

115
Q

common reactions to cholecystitis

A

hyperplasia

116
Q

4 things that cause biliary tree obstruction

A
  • parasites
  • gall stones
  • compression by inflammation or neoplasia
117
Q

nodular hyperplasias in the liver are seen commonly in…

A

older dogs

118
Q

appearance nodular hyperplasia

A

spherical nodules in liver which vary in colour

119
Q

microscopy nodular hyperplasia (4)

A
  • cells larger
  • more glycogen in cells
  • portal areas still visible
  • compressed adjacent tissue
120
Q

pancreatic hypoplasia is seen in

A

young dogs and calves

121
Q

clinical signs pancreatic hypoplasia

A
  • fat in poo

- loss of body condition despite pot bellied and polyphagia

122
Q

acute pancreatitis presentation (4)

A
  • shock
  • cardiovascular collapse
  • increased lipase and amylase
  • fat necrosis around pancreas
123
Q

chronic pancreatitis can lead to

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Alimentary (5 decks)

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