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Bovine Jos&Bill > Diarrhoea > Flashcards

Diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

What are some bacterial causes of diarrhoea associated with enteritis?

A

Older cattle - Salmonella, Johnes, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens

Calves - E.coli, Salmonella, Clostridium difficile

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2
Q

What are some viral causes of diarrhoea associated with enteritis?

A

Adults - BVD, Malignant catarrhal fever, Bovine adenovirus, Winter dysentery (corona?)

Calves - Rotavirus, coronavirus

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3
Q

What are some parasitic causes of diarrhoea associated with enteritis?

A

Young cattle - Ostertagia, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Eimeria, cestodes

Calves - Cryptosporidium, Giardia (?)

Not seen in adults

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4
Q

What are some nutritional causes of diarrhoea associated with ‘enteritis’?

A

Adults - Cu def, Cu toxicity, Co def, Selenium def, lush and rapidly growing pasture

Calves - Overfeeding, indigestion, poor replacer, poorly stored colostrum

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5
Q

What are the four types of diarrhoea?

A

Osmotic, Hypersecretory, Exudatice, Abnormal motility

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6
Q

What is the most common disease associated with acute diarrhoea in adult dairy cows?

A

Salmonellosis

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7
Q

What is the predominant Salmonella species affecting cattle in Australia and NZ?

A

Salmonella Typhimurium

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Salmonellosis diarrhoea?

A

Ingestion -> invade enterocytes -> colonise ileum and colon -> produce enterotoxins -> villi damage -> mucosa inflammation/necrosis -> malabsorption and maldigestion

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9
Q

How is the carrier state of salmonellosis maintained?

A

Organisms survive within macrophages, mesenteric lymph nodes, gall bladder and bile ducts

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10
Q

What sort of diarrhoea is seen with salmonellosis in adults?

A

Profuse, foul-smelling, watery diarrhoea with sheds of mucosa and fibrin casts

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11
Q

How may salmonelosis be diagnosed in live cattle?

A

Faecal culture but you must sample multiple animals due to intermittent shedding

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12
Q

How may you treat salmonellosis?

A

TMS, ceftiofur etc
Fluid therapy orally/stomach tube
NSAIDs - flunixin

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13
Q

What supplementation is a risk factor for salmonellosis and why is it supplemented?

A

Magnesium oxide to prevent acidosis, hypomagnesiumia and hypocalcaemia - salmonella like alkaline environments

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14
Q

What sort of diarrhoea is seen with enteric yersiniosis?

A

Chronic, green-brown faeces, usually without a bad odour

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15
Q

How may you diagnose enteric yersiniosis

A

Isolation of the organism from the faeces, although a positive faecal culture is not diagnostic as may be normal gut inhabitant. Heavy growth may be indicative. Histopath will show ulcerative, erosive and necrotising enterocolitis and fine bacterial rods, villous atrophy and microabsesses.

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16
Q

How may you treat Yersiniosis?

A

TMS, oxytetracycline

Fluid therapy

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17
Q

What would be on your list of differential diagnoses for a case of yersiniosis in young cattle?

A

Intestinal parasites

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18
Q

When do signs associated with Johnes disease typically occur?

A

After 4 years of age

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19
Q

How would you treat Johne’s disease?

A

None - cull clinical animals

20
Q

What sort of diarrhoea would you see with clinical Johne’s disease?

A

Watery, ‘hose-pipe’, bubbly with no blood, mucus, fibrin cases or offensive smell. It is passed without straining. ‘Thick pea soup’

21
Q

What animals does clostridium perfringes often affect?

A

The best growing, best fed animals

22
Q

How does clostridium perfringes present?

A

Often sudden death. Haemolysis, acute haemorrhagic enteritits, fever, abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, dyspnoea, haemoglobinuria may be seen before death

23
Q

What are the two distinct biotypes of Bovine viral diarrhoea?

A

non-cytopathic - affects cattle at any stage of life, including in utero
cytopathic - reinfection of animals persistently infected with a non-cytopathic strain

24
Q

What signs are seen when post natal animals are infected with BVD?

A

Transient infection, sometimes with diarrhoea and inappetence, immunosuppression (leukopaenia) and reproductive failure. Some oral erosions.

25
Q

What occurs when animals are infected with BVD during early gestation?

A
26
Q

What occurs when animals are infected with BVD late in gestation?

A

Aborting, fetal abnormalities or after about 150 days, birth of normal, immune calves.

27
Q

Do female PI BVD animals produce normal calves?

A

No, only PI calves.

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of mucosal disease (reinfection of PI with cytopathic strain of BVD)?

A

Acutely depressed, anorexic, pyrexic, high HR/RR, profuse watery diarrhoea possibly with blood, mucous and fibrin. Erosions on lips, muzzle, interdigital clefts and nasal/oral cavities. Tacky saliva, mucopurulent nasal discharge. Death 3-5 days.

29
Q

In what animals would you be able to detect BVD antigen?

A

PI animals or in acute, viraemic cases. You may use PCR (aborted foetus heart blood), ACE, IHC

30
Q

What virus causes Malignant catarrhal fever and how do cattle get infected with it?

A

Ovine herpesvirus-2, sheep transmit the virus to cattle, which are dead end hosts.

31
Q

How do you treat Malignant Catarrhal fever?

A

You can’t - Euthanasia

32
Q

What ate the 3 main syndromes recognised with malignant catarral fever?

A

Head and eye form
Peracute/alimentary form
Mild, chronic form

33
Q

How does bovine adenovirus infection often present?

A

Young cattle suddenly dying/becoming recumbent with mucoid, blood tinged or haemorrhagic diarrhoea.

34
Q

Bovine adenovirus is identified in the nasal secretions of a healthy weaner - what is the significance of this?

A

None - it is widespread in normal cattle so concurrent disease, feed stress and adrupt feed changes and/or immunosuppression may contribute to disease outbreaks

35
Q

What is thought to cause winter dysentery?

A

Bovine coronavirus with Campylobacter jejuni as a secondary infection.

36
Q

What age of animal would you see coccidiosis in?

A

~4 weeks to 12 months

37
Q

What are some risk factors that may lead to calf diarrhoea complex in dairy calves?

A
  • Inadequate colostrum intake
  • Poor feeding hygiene
  • Poor feeding routines
  • Poor housing
  • Overcrowding, comingling of ages
  • Inadequate management systems for dealing with sick calves
38
Q

What are some risk factors that may lead to calf diarrhoea complex in beef calves?

A
  • Large herd size
  • High stocking density
  • Not seperating cows from heifers
  • Damp, muddy env with poor drainage
  • Lack of paddock rotation
  • Not moving calved cows from calving mob
  • Adverse weather conditions
39
Q

What are the two main syndromes of E.coli in calves?

A

Neonatal colibacillosis - Calves 6 weeks - enterohaemorrhagic E.coli, attaching and effacing E.coli

40
Q

What sort of diarrhoea is seen with enterotoxigenic E.coli in calves?

A

White/yellow, very watery, malodorous and voluminous

41
Q

What sort of diarrhoea is seen with enterohaemorrhagic E.coli?

A

Mucoid, not very watery, possibly with dysentery or even frank blood

42
Q

When are calves likely to show clinical disease associated with Salmonella and what sort of diarrhoea can be expected?

A

Calves 8-10 days old, with faeces being mucoid, smelly and necrotic, possibly with fresh blood and shreds of mucosa.

43
Q

What sort of diarrhoea is seen with rotavirus?

A

Yellowish/green and watery, sometimes frothy or foamy

44
Q

What sort of diarrhoea is seen with coronavirus?

A

Profuse and watery at first, but become mucoid with undigested milk curds and sometimes blood

45
Q

What causes disease in calves less than 4 days old?`

A

Enterotoxic E.coli

46
Q

What are your differentials for rotavirus?

A

Coronavirus, cryptosporidia, salmonella. Attaching and effacing E.coli?

Bovine Jos&Bill (5 decks)

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