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Mechanisms of Disease > Diarrhea - Sample > Flashcards

Diarrhea - Sample Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 4 major electrolytes in ICF?

A

K
Mg
Phosphates
Proteins

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1
Q

What are three major electrolytes in ECF?

A

Na
Cl
HCO3

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2
Q

What 3 forces affect water movement?

A

Osmotic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure

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3
Q

How is osmolality determined?

A

By the number of particles in solution.

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4
Q

What is an effective osmole?

A

Don’t diffuse across a membrane, contribute to tonicity, generates osmotic pressures.

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5
Q

T/F: Larger molecules contribute more to osmolality.

A

False, they contribute minimally.

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6
Q

What is a qualitative reflection of ECF?

A

Serum Na concentration.

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7
Q

How is osmolality regulated?

A

By adjusting water balance (ADH release, thirst levels).

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8
Q

How is volume regulated?

A

By adjusting Na and influencing changes in vascular pressure (RAAS, ADH will also be released for hypovolemia).

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9
Q

What receptors detect osmolality?

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus.

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10
Q

How does ADH help adjust osmolality?

A

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more H2O from renal tubules.

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11
Q

What receptors monitor changes in volume?

A

Barroreceptors in the kidney and the heart.

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12
Q

How does RAAS help adjust volume?

A

Aldosterone influences reabsorption of Na, H2O will follow.

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13
Q

When is ADH secreted?

A

Increased osmolality

Marked decreased plasma volume

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14
Q

When is aldosterone secreted?

A

In response to Angiotensin, ACTH, Hyperkalemia.

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15
Q

What causes dehydration?

A

Low body water or high plasma osmolality.

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16
Q

What will you see in a dehydrated patient?

A

Increased thirst, decreased renal water excretion.

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17
Q

What is overhydration?

A

Excess body water or low plasma osmolality.

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18
Q

What do you see in an overhydrated patient?

A

Increased renal water excretion.

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19
Q

What 3 things do we check for hydration status during the physical exam?

A

CRT
Skin tent
Body weight

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20
Q

What 4 biochemical tests can you do to check hydration status?

A

PCV
Na and Cl
BUN and Creatinine
USG

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21
Q

What is hypertonic dehydration?

A

Water loss > electrolytes

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23
Q

What are two causes of hypertonic dehydration?

A

Osmotic diarrhea

Maldigestion/Malabsorption

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24
Q

What biochemical changes will you see with hypertonic dehydration?

A

PCV and TP increase

Serum Na and Cl increase

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25
Q

What is isotonic dehydration?

A

Water loss = electrolyte loss

26
Q

What are 2 causes of isotonic dehydration?

A

Some diarrhea

Some renal disease

27
Q

What biochemical changes will you see with isotonic dehydration?

A

PCV and TP increase

Serum Na and Cl don’t change

28
Q

What is hypotonic dehydration?

A

Electrolyte loss > water loss

29
Q

What are 3 causes of hypotonic dehydration?

A 
Secretory diarrhea (calf scours)
Vomiting
3rd spacing (displaced abomasum)
30
Q

What biochemical changes will you see with hypotonic dehydration?

A

PCV and TP increase

Hyponatremia = hypoosmolality

31
Q

Where does water move in hypertonic dehydration?

A

From ICF to ECF to maintain volume

32
Q

Where does water move in isotonic dehydration?

A

Decrease in ECF volume, no shift between ICF and ECF

33
Q

Where does water move in hypotonic dehydration?

A

Water shifts from vasculature to cells

34
Q

What two systems regulate sodium?

A

Osmoreceptors sense increased osmolality and secrete ADH

Baroreceptors sense volume changes and activate RAAS

35
Q

Where is fluid lost?

A

50-70% from kidneys
40-60% insensible losses
1-3% excreted in GIT

36
Q

What are most abnormalities in [Na2+] due to?

A

Due to abnormalities in H2O

37
Q

How is Na lost excessively?

A

GIT
Renal
Cutaneous

38
Q

How much does Na decrease for every 100mg/dL increase in glucose.

A

~2mEq

39
Q

How does 3rd spacing cause hyponatremia?

A

Extracellular Na+ equilibrates with sequestered water, effectively diluted

40
Q

What is the 1st space?

A

Intravascular space

41
Q

What is the 2nd space?

A

Extravascular space

42
Q

What 3 ways is water lost or in deficit?

A

Inadequate water intake
Excess water loss
Excess Na intake or retention

43
Q

Name 3 ways of excessive water loss?

A

DI
Panting/Fever/Heat stress
Most causes of water loss

44
Q

What 2 ways can you get excess Na+ intake or retention?

A

Ingestion or IV administration

Increased aldosterone

45
Q

What electrolyte is Cl- lost or gained proportionally with?

A

Na+

46
Q

What are 3 selective losses of chloride?

A

Sweating in horses
Sequestration or proximal GI obstruction
Acidema (when H+ is excreted, so in Cl-)

47
Q

What is hypochloremia is always associated with?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

48
Q

How do small animals selectively lose chloride? (2 things)

A

Vomiting

Intestinal obstruction

49
Q

What are 4 ways horses selectively lose chloride?

A

Ptyalism
Diarrhea
GI Ulcers
Sweating

50
Q

Where is Cl- abosrbed in the horse?

A

In the ileum and colon

51
Q

What are 3 ways cattle selectively lose chloride?

A

DA
Vagal indigestion (sequestration/decreased vagal tone)
Gastric rupture

52
Q

What are two causes of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?

A

GIT loss of HCO3-

Proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis

53
Q

What are 3 was to see low potassium?

A

Renal excretion
Distribution between ECF and ICF
Is the animal eating?

54
Q

What controls the excretion of K+?

A

Aldosterone

55
Q

What is a major cause of hypokalemia?

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

56
Q

What is the cause of hyperkalemia if there is no increase in total body [K+]

A

Redistribution

57
Q

What are 2 causes of increased total body [K+]?

A

Decreased excretion

Iatrogenic

58
Q

What are 3 causes of redistribution hyperkalemia?

A

High [H+] in acidosis
Rhabdomyolosis
In vitro/in vivo hemolysis in animals with high RBC [K+]

59
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

abnormally fluid feces, with increased volume and frequency

60
Q

What 3 things do you see a net loss of with diarrhea?

A

Water + Sodium
Potassium
HCO3-

Mechanisms of Disease (7 decks)

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