Diarrhea - Sample

Question 0

What are the 4 major electrolytes in ICF?

Answer 0

K
Mg
Phosphates
Proteins

Question 1

What are three major electrolytes in ECF?

Answer 1

Na
Cl
HCO3

Question 2

What 3 forces affect water movement?

Answer 2

Osmotic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure

Question 3

How is osmolality determined?

Answer 3

By the number of particles in solution.

Question 4

What is an effective osmole?

Answer 4

Don’t diffuse across a membrane, contribute to tonicity, generates osmotic pressures.

Question 5

T/F: Larger molecules contribute more to osmolality.

Answer 5

False, they contribute minimally.

Question 6

What is a qualitative reflection of ECF?

Answer 6

Serum Na concentration.

Question 7

How is osmolality regulated?

Answer 7

By adjusting water balance (ADH release, thirst levels).

Question 8

How is volume regulated?

Answer 8

By adjusting Na and influencing changes in vascular pressure (RAAS, ADH will also be released for hypovolemia).

Question 9

What receptors detect osmolality?

Answer 9

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus.

Question 10

How does ADH help adjust osmolality?

Answer 10

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more H2O from renal tubules.

Question 11

What receptors monitor changes in volume?

Answer 11

Barroreceptors in the kidney and the heart.

Question 12

How does RAAS help adjust volume?

Answer 12

Aldosterone influences reabsorption of Na, H2O will follow.

Question 13

When is ADH secreted?

Answer 13

Increased osmolality

Marked decreased plasma volume

Question 14

When is aldosterone secreted?

Answer 14

In response to Angiotensin, ACTH, Hyperkalemia.

Question 15

What causes dehydration?

Answer 15

Low body water or high plasma osmolality.

Question 16

What will you see in a dehydrated patient?

Answer 16

Increased thirst, decreased renal water excretion.

Question 17

What is overhydration?

Answer 17

Excess body water or low plasma osmolality.

Question 18

What do you see in an overhydrated patient?

Answer 18

Increased renal water excretion.

Question 19

What 3 things do we check for hydration status during the physical exam?

Answer 19

CRT
Skin tent
Body weight

Question 20

What 4 biochemical tests can you do to check hydration status?

Answer 20

PCV
Na and Cl
BUN and Creatinine
USG

Question 21

What is hypertonic dehydration?

Answer 21

Water loss > electrolytes

Question 23

What are two causes of hypertonic dehydration?

Answer 23

Osmotic diarrhea

Maldigestion/Malabsorption

Question 24

What biochemical changes will you see with hypertonic dehydration?

Answer 24

PCV and TP increase

Serum Na and Cl increase

Question 25

What is isotonic dehydration?

Answer 25

Water loss = electrolyte loss

Question 26

What are 2 causes of isotonic dehydration?

Answer 26

Some diarrhea | Some renal disease

Question 27

What biochemical changes will you see with isotonic dehydration?

Answer 27

PCV and TP increase | Serum Na and Cl don't change

Question 28

What is hypotonic dehydration?

Answer 28

Electrolyte loss > water loss

Question 29

What are 3 causes of hypotonic dehydration?

Answer 29

``` Secretory diarrhea (calf scours) Vomiting 3rd spacing (displaced abomasum) ```

Question 30

What biochemical changes will you see with hypotonic dehydration?

Answer 30

PCV and TP increase | Hyponatremia = hypoosmolality

Question 31

Where does water move in hypertonic dehydration?

Answer 31

From ICF to ECF to maintain volume

Question 32

Where does water move in isotonic dehydration?

Answer 32

Decrease in ECF volume, no shift between ICF and ECF

Question 33

Where does water move in hypotonic dehydration?

Answer 33

Water shifts from vasculature to cells

Question 34

What two systems regulate sodium?

Answer 34

Osmoreceptors sense increased osmolality and secrete ADH | Baroreceptors sense volume changes and activate RAAS

Question 35

Where is fluid lost?

Answer 35

50-70% from kidneys 40-60% insensible losses 1-3% excreted in GIT

Question 36

What are most abnormalities in [Na2+] due to?

Answer 36

Due to abnormalities in H2O

Question 37

How is Na lost excessively?

Answer 37

GIT Renal Cutaneous

Question 38

How much does Na decrease for every 100mg/dL increase in glucose.

Answer 38

~2mEq

Question 39

How does 3rd spacing cause hyponatremia?

Answer 39

Extracellular Na+ equilibrates with sequestered water, effectively diluted

Question 40

What is the 1st space?

Answer 40

Intravascular space

Question 41

What is the 2nd space?

Answer 41

Extravascular space

Question 42

What 3 ways is water lost or in deficit?

Answer 42

Inadequate water intake Excess water loss Excess Na intake or retention

Question 43

Name 3 ways of excessive water loss?

Answer 43

DI Panting/Fever/Heat stress Most causes of water loss

Question 44

What 2 ways can you get excess Na+ intake or retention?

Answer 44

Ingestion or IV administration | Increased aldosterone

Question 45

What electrolyte is Cl- lost or gained proportionally with?

Answer 45

Na+

Question 46

What are 3 selective losses of chloride?

Answer 46

Sweating in horses Sequestration or proximal GI obstruction Acidema (when H+ is excreted, so in Cl-)

Question 47

What is hypochloremia is always associated with?

Answer 47

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 48

How do small animals selectively lose chloride? (2 things)

Answer 48

Vomiting | Intestinal obstruction

Question 49

What are 4 ways horses selectively lose chloride?

Answer 49

Ptyalism Diarrhea GI Ulcers Sweating

Question 50

Where is Cl- abosrbed in the horse?

Answer 50

In the ileum and colon

Question 51

What are 3 ways cattle selectively lose chloride?

Answer 51

DA Vagal indigestion (sequestration/decreased vagal tone) Gastric rupture

Question 52

What are two causes of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis?

Answer 52

GIT loss of HCO3- | Proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis

Question 53

What are 3 was to see low potassium?

Answer 53

Renal excretion Distribution between ECF and ICF Is the animal eating?

Question 54

What controls the excretion of K+?

Answer 54

Aldosterone

Question 55

What is a major cause of hypokalemia?

Answer 55

Vomiting and diarrhea

Question 56

What is the cause of hyperkalemia if there is no increase in total body [K+]

Answer 56

Redistribution

Question 57

What are 2 causes of increased total body [K+]?

Answer 57

Decreased excretion | Iatrogenic

Question 58

What are 3 causes of redistribution hyperkalemia?

Answer 58

High [H+] in acidosis Rhabdomyolosis In vitro/in vivo hemolysis in animals with high RBC [K+]

Question 59

What is diarrhea?

Answer 59

abnormally fluid feces, with increased volume and frequency

Question 60

What 3 things do you see a net loss of with diarrhea?

Answer 60

Water + Sodium Potassium HCO3-