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Mechanisms of Disease > Diarrhea > Flashcards

Diarrhea Flashcards

0
Q

What are 3 major functions performed by the GI tract?

A
  • Propels, mixes and digest food.
  • Secretes enzymes and fluids after ingestion.
  • Selectively absorbs water, electrolytes and nutrients.
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1
Q

Increased stool output, passage of abnormally fluid or unformed stools usually associated with increased frequency and/or volume of feces is known as what?

A

Diarrhea

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2
Q

T/F: There is a constant bidirectional flux of water and ions across the small intestinal mucosa.

A

True

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3
Q

Water moves in response to what?

A

Osmotic gradients

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4
Q

Where does absorption primarily occur?

Secretion?

A
  • Enteric villi

- Intestinal crypts

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5
Q

Are villi found in the small intestine, large intestine or both?

A

Small intestine

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6
Q

With diarrhea, does the absorptive process exceeds the secretory process in magnitude, or does the secretory process exceeds the absorptive process?

A

The secretory process exceeds the absorptive process.

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7
Q

Different disease processes can convert portions of the GI tract from a what to a what?

A

An absorptive organ into a secretory organ.

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8
Q

What are 4 pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea?

A
  • Osmotic (malabsorption/maldigestion)
  • Secretory
  • Increased permeability (exudative)
  • Altered motility
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9
Q

What type of diarrhea may develop when osmotically active molecules remain in the intestinal lumen (malabsorption)?

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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10
Q

When osmotically active molecules remain in the intestinal lumen, water movement from where to where is promoted?

A

From plasma to the intestinal lumen .

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11
Q

What happens to the absorptive capability of the small and large intestine with osmotic diarrhea?

A

They are overwhelmed.

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12
Q

What is a possible cause of osmotic diarrhea?

A

Sudden dietary changes.

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13
Q

What type of diarrhea can occur when there is interference with digestion and therefore the absorption of nutrients?

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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14
Q

T/F: What is not digested cannot be absorbed.

A

True

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15
Q

Unabsorbed solutes that remain in the intestinal lumen act as what?

A

Osmotic agents resulting in diarrhea.

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16
Q

What are 2 examples of conditions that can lead to osmotic diarrhea?

A
  • Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs

- TGE in young pigs

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17
Q

Why are dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency unable to digest food properly?

A

Decreased amount of pancreatic enzymes.

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18
Q

How do the feces of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency appear?

A

Voluminous, place and full of fat (steatorrhea).

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19
Q

The presence of excess fat in the stools, usually caused by disease of the pancreas or intestine, is known as what?

A

Steatorrhea

20
Q

Is secretory diarrhea a result of an active or passive mechanism?

A

Active mechanism

21
Q

Secretory diarrhea is usually caused by what?

A

Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses)

22
Q

Pathogens may adhere to the mucosa disrupting the absorptive/secretory processes of enterocytes without causing significant damage to the cells with what type of diarrhea?

A

Secretory diarrhea

23
Q

With secretory diarrhea, certain bacterial toxins activate the secretion of what?

A

Sodium, chloride and other electrolytes.

24
Q

T/F: Electrolytes follow water secretion, overwhelming the absorptive capability of the intestine.

A

False - water follows electrolyte secretion.

25
Q

Disease resulting in mucosal damage and inflammation can lead to what type of diarrhea?

A

Increased permeability (exudative) diarrhea

26
Q

What does the loss of the normal epithelial lining (tight junctions) seen with increased permeability (exudative) diarrhea lead to?

A

Passive loss of fluid (serous proteins, blood, etc.)

27
Q

What is an example of a cause of increased permeability (exudative) diarrhea?

A

Rhodococcus equi-induced enterocolitis in foals

28
Q

Are primary disorders of motility common or uncommon in veterinary medicine?

A

Uncommon

29
Q

Most causes of diarrhea can lead to what?

What does this contribute?

A
  • Secondary decrease in segmental contractions.

- Contributes to diarrhea due to decrease resistance to the caudal movement of the ingesta.

30
Q

What are the 2 types of movement seen in the GIT?

A
  • Segmental

- Peristaltic

31
Q

Why might intestinal transit be accelerated in many forms of diarrheal states?

A

Stimulation of peristalsis by increased intraluminal volumes.

32
Q

T/F: Regarding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea there is considerable overlap with more than one mechanism involved in a single patient.

A

True

33
Q

Is diarrhea or vomiting seen as the result of disease within the GI tract considered a primary or a secondary gastrointestinal disease?

A

Primary

34
Q

Is diarrhea or vomiting seen as a manifestion of disease somewhere else in the body considered a primary or a secondary gastrointestinal disease?

A

Secondary

35
Q

What are 2 examples of secondary gastrointestinal disease?

A
  • Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

- Renal disease

36
Q

T/F: Many cases of acute diarrhea are self-limiting.

A

True

37
Q

What are 2 dietary causes of acute diarrhea?

A
  • Dietary indiscretion

- Dietary intolerance

38
Q

What are 3 examples of infectious causes of acute diarrhea?

A
  • Parvovirus enteritis in dogs
  • Panleukopenia in cats
  • Salmonellosis
39
Q

Pancreatitis can lead to what type of diarrhea?

A

Acute diarrhea

40
Q

Diagnosis of which type of diarrhea often requires a more extensive work-up?

A

Chronic diarrhea

41
Q

What are 3 examples of causes for chronic diarrhea?

A
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
  • Gastro-intestinal neoplasia
  • Chronic parasitism/fungal infections
42
Q

What are 4 pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea?

A
  • Osmotic (malabsorption/maldigestion)
  • Secretory
  • Increased permeability (exudative)
  • Altered motility
43
Q

Main pathophysiologic mechanism of diarrhea in Johne’s disease is what?

A

Increased permeability (exudative)

44
Q

Classical cause for secretory diarrhea is what?

A

E. coli

45
Q

What is the main pathophysiologic mechanism of diarrhea seen with porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

Increased permeability (exudative)

46
Q

Main pathophysiologic mechanism of diarrhea for crypto is what?

A

Osmotic malabsorption/maldigestion

47
Q

What is the main pathophysiologic mechanism of diarrhea with blackhead disease?

A

Increased permeability (exudative)

Mechanisms of Disease (8 decks)

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