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Mechanisms of Disease > 2-Pruritus and Alopecia > Flashcards

2-Pruritus and Alopecia Flashcards

0
Q

Itch receptors are superficial, deep or both?

A

Superficial

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1
Q

An unpleasant sensation stimulating the desire to itch is known as what?

A

Pruritus/itch

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2
Q

Pruritoreceptors arise only from where?

A

Skin

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3
Q

Which axons mediate the sensation of pain or itch?

A

Unmyelinated axons (C fibers)

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4
Q

Where are 2 locations that cell bodies for itch are located?

A
  • Dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves

- Trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion of CN V

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5
Q

Where are the spinothalamic-tract neurons that receive incoming action potentials and transmit them to the brain located?

A

Dorsal horn

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6
Q

Where is a possible location in the brain that may process itch?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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7
Q

What other type of neurons do itch neurons intersect or intercommunicate with?

A

Pain neurons

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8
Q

What often inhibits itch?

A

Pain

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9
Q

What type of drugs can cause pruritus?

A

Opioid pain-relievers

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10
Q

What is something that can modulate itch perception?

A

Noxious temperature changes, both cold and hot.

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11
Q

What is released by mast cells that can cause pruritus?

A

Histamine

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12
Q

What are 7 possible chemical causes of pruritus?

A
  • Chemical mediators: cytokines-IL-2, TNF-alpha
  • Tryptase (found in mast cells)
  • Opioids
  • Eicosanoids
  • Growth factors
  • Prostaglandins
  • Heparin
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13
Q

What are 4 possible conditions pruritus can result from?

A
  • Skin disease
  • Systemic disease
  • Neuropathic disease
  • Psychogenic disease
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14
Q

What are 6 possible clinical signs of pruritus that owners can see?

A
  • Biting
  • Licking
  • Chewing
  • Scratching
  • Gnawing
  • Rubbing
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15
Q

What are 3 clinical signs vets can see?

A
  • Alopecia (hair loss)
  • Erythema (abnormal redness of skin)
  • Excoriations (skin removal)
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16
Q

What can give clues to the etiology of pruritus?

A

Location of the body

17
Q

What are 4 follow-up signs that can be seen with pruritus by the vet?

A
  • More alopecia
  • Lichenification (leathery hardening of skin)
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Seborrhea (excessive/abnormal discharge from sebaceous glands)
18
Q

What are 9 possible trigger factors for pruritus?

A
  • Allergens
  • Bacteria
  • Yeast
  • Food
  • Irritant
  • Psyche
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Hormones
19
Q

What is the point under which patients can tolerate a certain load of sensation or pruritic stimuli without becoming itchy?

A

Threshold

20
Q

What can be seen when multiple stimuli are present at the same time and exceed the threshold of pruritus?

A

Summation effect

21
Q

T/F: Threshold varies among individuals.

A

True

22
Q

What are 4 possible causes of allergy induced pruritus in the dog?

A
  • Flea allergy
  • Atopic dermatitis
  • Cutaneous adverse food reaction
  • Insect bite hypersensitivity/contact dermatitis
23
Q

What are 5 possible ectoparasite causes of pruritus in the dog?

A
  • Sarcoptes
  • Demodex
  • Cheyletiella
  • Lice
  • Chiggers
24
Q

What are 3 possible infectious causes of pruritus in the dog?

A
  • Pyoderma
  • Yeast
  • Dermatophytes
25
Q

Caudal dorsum indicates which cause?

A

Flea allergy

26
Q

Elbows and ears indicate which cause?

A

Sarcoptic mange

27
Q

Feet licking and chewing indicate what 2 possible cause?

A
  • Food allergy

- Atopy (atopic dermatitis)

28
Q

What are 3 possible causes of pruritus that can be seasonal?

A
  • Flea allergy
  • Atopy
  • Insect allergy
29
Q

What are 6 possible causes of pruritus that are not seasonal?

A
  • Scabies
  • Food allergy
  • Flea allergy
  • Atopy
  • Secondary infections
  • Demodex
30
Q

What are 2 possible causes of pruritus that can be both seasonal and non-seasonal?

A
  • Flea allergy

- Atopy

31
Q

What is the scale used to grade pruritus?

A

1-10

32
Q

What are 3 diseases that cause the most severe pruritus (10/10)?

A
  • Scabies
  • Flea allergy
  • Food allergy
33
Q

Pruritus comes before the lesion with which 2 causes?

A
  • Allergies

- Scabies

34
Q

Lesions show up before the pruritus in what 3 causes?

A
  • Demodex
  • Dermatophytes
  • Pyoderma
35
Q

Is feline pruritus the same as canine pruritus?

A

No

36
Q

Is body localization with feline pruritus as distinctive as canine pruritus?

A

No

37
Q

What are 3 forms of skin lesions seen with feline pruritus?

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical hair loss with normal skin (non-inflammatory)
  • Miliary dermatitis
  • Eosinophilic granuloma complex
38
Q

What 3 clinical signs are rarely seen with cats?

A
  • Excoriation
  • Lichenification
  • Hyperpigmentation
39
Q

What are 3 allergy causes of pruritus in cats?

A
  • Flea allergy
  • Atopy
  • Food allergy
40
Q

What are 5 possible ectoparasite causes of pruritus in cats?

A
  • Notoedres
  • Demodex gatoi
  • Cheyletiella
  • Ectopic ear mites
  • Fur mite
41
Q

What are 3 possible infectious causes of pruritus in cats?

A
  • Pyoderma (rare)
  • Yeast
  • Dermatophytes

Mechanisms of Disease (8 decks)

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