Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2014 - Pharm GI/ENT > Diarrhea > Flashcards

Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

of attacks of acute diarrhea annually in world’s children

A

744 million to 1 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

of deaths in children worldwide each year from diarrhea

A

4.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal Pathophys vs Diarrhea Pathophys

A
  • normally: GI tract absorbs water, electrolytes, carbs, fat, protein
  • during acute diarrhea, water and electrolyte losses are isotonic losses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secretory Diarrhea

A
  • stimulating substance increases secretion and decreases absorption of water and electrolytes
  • large stool volumes > 1L/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

A
  • poorly absorbed substances increase retained intestinal fluids
  • examples: malabsorption, lactose intolerance, lactulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Exudative Diarrhea

A

-inflammation –> mucus, protein and blood excretion through the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Altered Intestinal Transit Diarrhea

A

3 mechanisms:

  1. reduction of contact time in small intestine
  2. premature gastric emptying
  3. bacterial overgrowth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of Acute Gastroenteritis

A
  • viral 30-40%
  • bacterial or parasites 20-30%
  • no identifiable source 40%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diarrhea Infectious Organisms Common to US

A
  • Shigella, Salmonella
  • Campylobacter, Staph
  • E coli (STEC), C diff
  • Norwalk, Rotavirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antimicrobial Agent for Salmonella Infection

A

cipro or levofloxacin

alt: azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antimicrobial Agent for Shigella Infection

A

cipro

alt: azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antimicrobial Agent for C Diff Infection

A

metronidazole

alt: vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Antimicrobial Agent for STEC Infection

A

no treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drugs That May Induce Diarrhea

A
  • abx, laxatives
  • colchicine (gout tx)
  • digitalis, hydralazine, theophylline
  • mannitol, sorbitol
  • metformin (type 2 DM)
  • misoprostol (PUD tx)
  • quinidine
  • thyroid products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common Causes of Pseudomembranous Colitis

A
  • complication of abx therapy

- most common w/ poorly absorbed abx, longer duration (>7 days), specific agents (eg clindamycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs of Pseudomembranous Colitis

A
  • watery diarrhea
  • fever
  • abd pain and tenderness
  • nausea
  • bloody diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathophys of Pseudomembranous Colitis

A

-poor absorption of abx results in selective killing of normal GI flora –> overgrowth of bacteria including C diff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pseudomembranous Colitis Treatment

A
  • metronidazole 1st line

- vancomycin 2nd line (but 1st in severe infections)

19
Q

Diarrhea Therapeutic Management Goals

A
  • relieve sxs
  • maintain hydration
  • tx underlying causes
  • maintain nutrition
20
Q

4 Options for Therapeutic Management of Diarrhea

A
  1. no therapy
  2. dietary management
  3. oral rehydration solution
  4. pharmacologic management
21
Q

Dietary Management for Diarrhea

A
  • no solids or dairy x24 hours –> often effective for simple osmotic diarrhea
  • if N/V present, mild, digestible, low-residue diet x24h
  • breast feeding okay
  • for chronic diarrhea, increase dietary bulk
22
Q

Oral Rehydration Solutions MOA

A
  • reduce mortality from diarrhea 30% to 3%
  • based on isotonic loss of fluids during acute diarrhea
  • sodium and glucose co-transport across proximal small intestine
  • preserves the ability of gut lumen to continue to absorb sodium and co-transport glucose during diarrhea
23
Q

What types of products are available for oral rehydration?

A
  • rice-based solutions made at home: baby rice cereal, water, salt
  • Pedialyte, Ceralyte
24
Q

Adsorbents MOA

A

-adsorb nutrients, toxins, drugs and digestive juices

25
Q

Adsorbents Generics

A
  • calcium polycarbophil
  • psyllium
  • methylcellulose
26
Q

Calcium Polycarbophil Trade Name

A

-Mitrolan

27
Q

Adsorbents Efficacy

A

-effective in reducing fluid in the stool

28
Q

Adsorbents Safety

A

-adsorptive capacity may actually worsen dehydration

29
Q

Antiperistaltic/Antimotility MOA

A

block vagal tone and prolong GI transit time

30
Q

Antiperistaltic/Antimotility Generics

A
  • loperamide

- diphenoxylate + atropine

31
Q

Loperamide Trade Name

A

Imodium

32
Q

Dephenoxylate + Atropine Trade Name

A

Lomotil

33
Q

Antiperistaltic/Antimotility Efficacy

A

-effective for tx of acute diarrhea

34
Q

Antiperistaltic/Antimotility Safety

A
  • atropine may result in anticholinergic toxicity (Esp in kids and elderly)
  • potential for worsening traveler’s diarrhea
35
Q

Antisecretory MOA

A

-block GI fluid flow

36
Q

Antisecretory Generics

A
  • bismuth subsalicylate

- octreotide (SQ or IV)

37
Q

Bismuth Subsalicylate Trade Name

A

Pepto Bismol

38
Q

Antisecretory Efficacy

A

moderately effective for traveler’s diarrhea

39
Q

Antisecretory Safety

A
  • potential for salicylate toxicity
  • may darken tongue and stool
  • do not use in kids w/ influenza or chicken pox due to risk of Reye’s syndrome
40
Q

Probiotics MOA

A

-enhance normal GI tract flora

41
Q

Probiotics Generic

A

lactobacillus acidophilus

42
Q

Lactobacillus Trade Name

A

Lactinex

43
Q

Probiotics Efficacy

A

-yogurt can provide relief of diarrhea due to lactose intolerance

44
Q

Probiotics Safety

A

potential for introducing infection

Fall 2014 - Pharm GI/ENT (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions