DIARRHEA

Question 1

Diarrhea, defined as an increase in the
___, __, ___ of bowel movements,

Answer 1

frequency, fluidity, or volume

Question 2

The function of the equine gastrointestinal tract is complex and involves ____, ____, ___

Answer 2

maintenance of normal fluid balance and digestion and absorption.

Question 3

how many L of fluid is recovered in large bowel

Answer 3

100

Question 4

common cause of small intestinal disorder diarrhea in foals

Answer 4

rotavirus

Question 5

second critical funxn of large bowel

Answer 5

microbial digestion

Question 6

In general efficient function of the large bowel requires mechanisms that limit the rate of digesta passage, provide optimal conditions for microbial digestion, and allow for efficient transport of solutes and water.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

normal color of equine feces

Answer 7

tan, brown, greenish

Question 8

An adult horse on a diet of grass hay and approximately 3 lb of oats per day produces about ____ g of feces per kilogram of body mass per day or about ____ kg of feces per day.

Answer 8

20 to 28
11 to 13

Question 9

In cases of diarrhea, the amount of feces may increase up to ten- fold, with horses producing more than ___ g/kg/day

Answer 9

200 or 90L

Question 10

results from a decrease in the functional absorptive surface area of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 10

malabsorption

Question 11

everal inflammatory mediators, such as ___ and ____, contribute to the colonic inflammation

Answer 11

histamines and prostaglandins

Question 12

Control of active secretion is complex, involving two primary pathways:

Answer 12

activation of adenyl cyclase

activation of calcium channels

Question 13

In some cases of diar- rhea, bacterial enterotoxins such as those produced by certain strains of ____ and ___ stimulate adenyl cyclase activity, thus increasing active secretion

Answer 13

Escherichia coli and Salmonella

Question 14

must be present for diarrhea to occur.

Answer 14

Progressive motility

Question 15

the increase can be associated with the admin- istration or ingestion of osmotically active substances such as __

Answer 15

magnesium sulfate

Question 16

sudden dietary changes that result in significant shift may contribute to ___

Answer 16

osmotic diarrhea

Question 17

In foals the loss of villus epithelial cells in the small intestine associated with disorders such as rotavirus infection and clostridio- sis may lead not only to malabsorption but also to ___ caused by the decreased production of lactase.

Answer 17

maldigestion

Question 18

This mechanism of diarrhea is more common in chronic conditions, such as congestive heart failure or inflammatory bowel disease.

Answer 18

Increased hydraulic pressure from the blood to the lumen

Question 19

common causes of acute diarrheas

Answer 19

salmonellosis
clostridiosis
potomac
antibiotic
NSAID toxicity
uknoen

Question 20

G e n e r a l l y, p r o g r e s s i v e b o r b o r y g m i heard about every 3 to 4 minutes on both sides of the abdomen suggests abnormal motility of the cecum and colon

Answer 20

false

Question 21

may help to identify the presence of sand or gravel

Answer 21

Auscultation behind the xiphoid process

Question 22

Particularly in foals, transabdominal palpation and ___ may be useful to identify increased abdominal fluid or large masses near the body wall

Answer 22

ballottement

Question 23

___ can be helpful in assessing the size of intestinal segments, consistency of contents, and wall thickness as well as in identifying masses, enlarged lymph nodes, or mesenteric arteritis.

Answer 23

Transrectal palpation

Question 24

Frank blood in the feces suggests bleeding into the _____ from __-

Answer 24

distal colon from mucosal damage

Question 25

hemorrhagic foul-smelling is often associated with

Answer 25

clostridial diarrhea

Question 26

feces with occult blood

Answer 26

bleeding from any source

Question 27

In general the cellularity increases with the severity of diarrhea

Answer 27

true

Question 28

re among the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in horses.

Answer 28

Salmonella and Clostridium species

Question 29

arge numbers of yeast in the feces should alert the clinician to the possibility of ___, especially in compromised neonatal foals.

Answer 29

candidiasis

Question 30

are one of the most significant bacterial pathogens in equine feces.

Answer 30

salmonella

Question 31

is associated with diarrhea in foals and is most common in foals from 1 to 4 weeks of age

Answer 31

rotaviral infxn

Question 32

If the concentration of sodium plus potas- sium is much less than the osmolality, the result indicate

Answer 32

osmotic diarrhea

Question 33

__ can be used in horses of all ages to evaluate the amount and character of the peritoneal fluid, masses, intestinal disten- tion, and wall thickness.

Answer 33

Ultrasonography

Question 34

In foals, ___can detect gas distention in the lumen of the gastroin- testinal tract, and the gas pattern may help to differentiate ileus from mechanical obstruction

Answer 34

radiographs

Question 35

Endoscopic examination of the stomach and proximal duodenum may reveal the presence of __ or __

Answer 35

neoplasms or ulceration

Question 36

___ and __ are common clinical signs in symptomatic foals with ulceration of the squa- mous gastric mucosa

Answer 36

Diarrhea and inappetance

Question 37

GCC and dose for chornic diafrhea

Answer 37

iodochlorhydroxyquin 10g/450kg/day for 2 wks

Question 38

The increased secretion of __ AND ___by the inflamed colon can contribute sig- nificantly to the development of diarrhea

Answer 38

solutes and water

Question 39

bacterial enterotoxins such as those produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella stimulate adenyl cyclase activity, thus increasing active secretion

Answer 39

TRUE Hypersecretory diarrhea

Question 40

is known to influence gastrointestinal motility, in addition to altering absorption and secretion

Answer 40

inflammation

Question 41

esult from decreased oncotic pressure associated with hypoproteinemia, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (as in heart failure), or decreased lymphatic drainage associated with inflammation of lymphatics and lymph nodes

Answer 41

inc hydraulic pressure from blood to lumen

Question 42

a normal β1-globulin concentration was a reliable indicator of the absence of the disease.

Answer 42

was not

Question 43

fecal examination more sensitive techniques

Answer 43

fecal flotation and sedimentation

Question 44

Fecal leukocytes and epithelial cells are increased in coccidiosus, but are not specific for this disorder.

Answer 44

false. salmonellosis

Question 45

e. coli and r. equi can cause diarrhea in foals

Answer 45

only r equi

Question 46

is used commonly to establish a diagnosis in cases of bacterial diarrhea.

Answer 46

fecal culture

Question 47

absorption tests utilize what

Answer 47

flucose and xylose

Question 48

the assay has been shown to be reliable in the diagnosis of signifi- cant malabsorptive conditions.

Answer 48

glucose

Question 49

toxin that can be detected in urine or gastrointestinal con- tents

Answer 49

cantharidin - blister beetle toxin

Question 50

lead, selenium, and arsenic can be detected in both blood and liver

Answer 50

aresnic in liver only

Question 51

ne should consider __ toxicity in horses with diarrhea, arrhythmias, and renal disease, especially if exposure is possible.

Answer 51

oleander

Question 52

can be used in an attempt to restore normal flora

Answer 52

transfaunation

Question 53

In cases in which right dorsal colitis is suspected but cannot be confirmed, using___ feed may be beneficial.

Answer 53

pelleted

Question 54

____ also has been used in cases in which sand was suspected as contributing to the diarrhe

Answer 54

Psyllium mucilloid