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DIARRHEA Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhea, defined as an increase in the
___, __, ___ of bowel movements,

A

frequency, fluidity, or volume

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2
Q

The function of the equine gastrointestinal tract is complex and involves ____, ____, ___

A

maintenance of normal fluid balance and digestion and absorption.

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3
Q

how many L of fluid is recovered in large bowel

A

100

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4
Q

common cause of small intestinal disorder diarrhea in foals

A

rotavirus

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5
Q

second critical funxn of large bowel

A

microbial digestion

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6
Q

In general efficient function of the large bowel requires mechanisms that limit the rate of digesta passage, provide optimal conditions for microbial digestion, and allow for efficient transport of solutes and water.

A

true

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7
Q

normal color of equine feces

A

tan, brown, greenish

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8
Q

An adult horse on a diet of grass hay and approximately 3 lb of oats per day produces about ____ g of feces per kilogram of body mass per day or about ____ kg of feces per day.

A

20 to 28
11 to 13

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9
Q

In cases of diarrhea, the amount of feces may increase up to ten- fold, with horses producing more than ___ g/kg/day

A

200 or 90L

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10
Q

results from a decrease in the functional absorptive surface area of the gastrointestinal tract

A

malabsorption

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11
Q

everal inflammatory mediators, such as ___ and ____, contribute to the colonic inflammation

A

histamines and prostaglandins

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12
Q

Control of active secretion is complex, involving two primary pathways:

A

activation of adenyl cyclase

activation of calcium channels

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13
Q

In some cases of diar- rhea, bacterial enterotoxins such as those produced by certain strains of ____ and ___ stimulate adenyl cyclase activity, thus increasing active secretion

A

Escherichia coli and Salmonella

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14
Q

must be present for diarrhea to occur.

A

Progressive motility

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15
Q

the increase can be associated with the admin- istration or ingestion of osmotically active substances such as __

A

magnesium sulfate

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16
Q

sudden dietary changes that result in significant shift may contribute to ___

A

osmotic diarrhea

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17
Q

In foals the loss of villus epithelial cells in the small intestine associated with disorders such as rotavirus infection and clostridio- sis may lead not only to malabsorption but also to ___ caused by the decreased production of lactase.

A

maldigestion

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18
Q

This mechanism of diarrhea is more common in chronic conditions, such as congestive heart failure or inflammatory bowel disease.

A

Increased hydraulic pressure from the blood to the lumen

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19
Q

common causes of acute diarrheas

A

salmonellosis
clostridiosis
potomac
antibiotic
NSAID toxicity
uknoen

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20
Q

G e n e r a l l y, p r o g r e s s i v e b o r b o r y g m i heard about every 3 to 4 minutes on both sides of the abdomen suggests abnormal motility of the cecum and colon

A

false

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21
Q

may help to identify the presence of sand or gravel

A

Auscultation behind the xiphoid process

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22
Q

Particularly in foals, transabdominal palpation and ___ may be useful to identify increased abdominal fluid or large masses near the body wall

A

ballottement

23
Q

___ can be helpful in assessing the size of intestinal segments, consistency of contents, and wall thickness as well as in identifying masses, enlarged lymph nodes, or mesenteric arteritis.

A

Transrectal palpation

24
Q

Frank blood in the feces suggests bleeding into the _____ from __-

A

distal colon from mucosal damage

25
Q

hemorrhagic foul-smelling is often associated with

A

clostridial diarrhea

26
Q

feces with occult blood

A

bleeding from any source

27
Q

In general the cellularity increases with the severity of diarrhea

A

true

28
Q

re among the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in horses.

A

Salmonella and Clostridium species

29
Q

arge numbers of yeast in the feces should alert the clinician to the possibility of ___, especially in compromised neonatal foals.

A

candidiasis

30
Q

are one of the most significant bacterial pathogens in equine feces.

A

salmonella

31
Q

is associated with diarrhea in foals and is most common in foals from 1 to 4 weeks of age

A

rotaviral infxn

32
Q

If the concentration of sodium plus potas- sium is much less than the osmolality, the result indicate

A

osmotic diarrhea

33
Q

__ can be used in horses of all ages to evaluate the amount and character of the peritoneal fluid, masses, intestinal disten- tion, and wall thickness.

A

Ultrasonography

34
Q

In foals, ___can detect gas distention in the lumen of the gastroin- testinal tract, and the gas pattern may help to differentiate ileus from mechanical obstruction

A

radiographs

35
Q

Endoscopic examination of the stomach and proximal duodenum may reveal the presence of __ or __

A

neoplasms or ulceration

36
Q

___ and __ are common clinical signs in symptomatic foals with ulceration of the squa- mous gastric mucosa

A

Diarrhea and inappetance

37
Q

GCC and dose for chornic diafrhea

A

iodochlorhydroxyquin
10g/450kg/day for 2 wks

38
Q

The increased secretion of __ AND ___by the inflamed colon can contribute sig- nificantly to the development of diarrhea

A

solutes and water

39
Q

bacterial enterotoxins such as those produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella stimulate adenyl cyclase activity, thus increasing active secretion

A

TRUE Hypersecretory diarrhea

40
Q

is known to influence gastrointestinal motility, in addition to altering absorption and secretion

A

inflammation

41
Q

esult from decreased oncotic pressure associated with hypoproteinemia, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (as in heart failure), or decreased lymphatic drainage associated with inflammation of lymphatics and lymph nodes

A

inc hydraulic pressure from blood to lumen

42
Q

a normal β1-globulin concentration was a reliable indicator of the absence of the disease.

A

was not

43
Q

fecal examination more sensitive techniques

A

fecal flotation and sedimentation

44
Q

Fecal leukocytes and epithelial cells are increased in coccidiosus, but are not specific for this disorder.

A

false. salmonellosis

45
Q

e. coli and r. equi can cause diarrhea in foals

A

only r equi

46
Q

is used commonly to establish a diagnosis in cases of bacterial diarrhea.

A

fecal culture

47
Q

absorption tests utilize what

A

flucose and xylose

48
Q

the assay has been shown to be reliable in the diagnosis of signifi- cant malabsorptive conditions.

A

glucose

49
Q

toxin that can be detected in urine or gastrointestinal con- tents

A

cantharidin - blister beetle toxin

50
Q

lead, selenium, and arsenic can be detected in both blood and liver

A

aresnic in liver only

51
Q

ne should consider __ toxicity in horses with diarrhea, arrhythmias, and renal disease, especially if exposure is possible.

A

oleander

52
Q

can be used in an attempt to restore normal flora

A

transfaunation

53
Q

In cases in which right dorsal colitis is suspected but cannot be confirmed, using___ feed may be beneficial.

A

pelleted

54
Q

____ also has been used in cases in which sand was suspected as contributing to the diarrhe

A

Psyllium mucilloid

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