Diagnostics and Therapeutics Flashcards
What does diagnosis mean?
The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem.
When are diagnostic techniques used?
To ID disease in patients showing signs of potential illness
To direct treatment plans
Used as a part of survallience protocols to track success of preventative medicine.
What do you need to know in order to perform a diagnostic technique?
What sample to collect and how
What test to perform and how
How to interpret the results
How long does alcohol need to be on the skin to disinfect?
30 - 2mins
What is the best way to start blood collection?
Alcohol to wet down hair and disinfect, start distally and move proximally. Blood can be collected retrograde (against flow) or antegrade (with flow)
What is the maximum amount of blood that can be collected from a smaller animal?
No more than 1% of the animals body weight in grams = 10% blood volume
What is something found in reptile and fish samples?
It can be contaminated with lymphatic fluid
Most bird and reptile samples are tested via what?
Plasma
What is a clot in a sample?
A conglomerate of cells, platelets, and clotting factors. Blood will clot shortly after collection
What is serum?
In a clotted sample, the fluid that remains that does NOT contain any cells, platelets, or clotting factors.
What does a cell count blood test require?
Whole blood, must be placed in a tube with anti coagulation.
How are biochemistry an stereology test performed?
On serum and plasma
How does plasma compare to serum?
Like serum, plasma has no cells or platelets, but DOES have all clotting factors present in whole blood. Blood is centrifuged to yield plasma.
Where can blood be obtained from in Mammal?
From the cephalic vein, saphenous vein, or jugular.
In bovine species, big cats etc, what is another possible option for a blood draw?
Coccygeal vein (tail)
Can the cranial vena cava vein be used for blood sampling?
Yes, if the patient is under general anathesia
What may be the preferred site for blood draws in primates?
Tibial an cephalic vein
Which veins are found on the foreleg?
Cephalic and median cubital
Which vein is found under the wing?
Cranial ulnar vein. It’s found near the radius and ulna on the wing. Hematoma formation is common.
Which veins are found on the hindlimb?
The lateral and medial saphenous vein
Medial metatarsal vein - Birds
Posterior tibial vein - Primates
When is the femoral vein commonly used and how do you find it?
Commonly used in patients under anesthesia. Look for the depressed triangle in the upper thigh called the femoral triangle.
Where is the auricular vein located?
The ear
Which veins are found in the tail?
The ventral coccygeal vein. Can be used in reptiles, bovine species and prehensile tail mammals.
The dorsal coccygeal vein - turtles and penguins. Located at the dorsal aspect of the distal tail
Where is the brachial venous plexus located and who do we use it for?
Used on turtles, located in the front leg right above the tendon of the main point. Insert the needle right about the joint and aim at the joint.
