Diagnostics

Question 1

An abdominal ___ is great for evaluating for perforation, obstruction, or foreign bodies.

Answer 1

XR

Question 2

If an XR showed dilated loops of bowel, what would it be suspicious for?

Answer 2

Obstruction

Question 3

If an XR showed free air under the diaphragm, what would it be suspicious for?

Answer 3

Perforation

Question 4

‘Single’ or ‘double’ contrast _______ studies are used (less frequently now-a-days) to evaluate the colon for polyps, strictures, or diverticula.

Answer 4

Barium

Question 5

A barium _______ study is commonly used to assess the esophagus

Answer 5

Swallow

Question 6

An abdominal _______ is commonly used to assess solid organs and utilizes high frequency sound waves.

Answer 6

Ultrasound (US)

Question 7

T/F: US can be used to assess blood flow

Answer 7

True

Question 8

On US…..

Fluid is low density so it’ll appear ______.

Solids are high density so they will appear _______.

Answer 8

Dark

Light

Question 9

__________ _________ involves placing a US probe on the end of an endoscope which is a crucial modality in cancer staging.

This imaging study also allows for procedures like fine-needle aspirations to be completed simultaneously.

Answer 9

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)

Question 10

An abdominal ___ utilizes a series of XRs that take ‘slices’ to generate coronal, sagittal, and axial views of the body.

Answer 10

CT

Question 11

Which has more radiation, a CT or an US?

Answer 11

CT

Question 12

__________ involves passing a flexible scope into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to evaluate for upper GI pathology.

Answer 12

Endoscopy

Question 13

__________ is the passage of a flexible scope through the rectum to evaluate the colon.

Answer 13

Colonoscopy

Question 14

What is the ‘gold standard’ for evaluation of lower GI bleeding?

Answer 14

Colonoscopy

Question 15

A ______ _______ would be used in a colonoscopy to reach the splenic flexure of the large intestines

Answer 15

Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

Question 16

A _______ _______ _____ __________ is used to evaluate the biliary tree and pancreatic ductal system.

Answer 16

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (ERCP)

Question 17

T/F: An ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic

Answer 17

True

Question 18

_______ involves the use of a catheter in the esophagus to measure pressure and contractility most commonly for motility disorders.

Answer 18

Manometry

Question 19

__ __ _______ is useful in diagnosing GERD and involves a trans-nasal probe the measures pH along the esophagus.

A pH lower than 4 for >5% of the time is a positive test

Answer 19

24 hr pH monitoring

Question 20

_____ provide laboratory values to determine how well the liver is working.

Answer 20

LFTs

Question 21

What THREE proteins are made in the liver and can be tested for in the blood?

Which is the most abundant of the three?

Answer 21

Albumin (Most abundant)
Globulin
Fibrinogen

Question 22

These are the best acute measure for assessing the liver’s synthetic function

Answer 22

Coags

Question 23

PT measure what clotting factors?

Remember Vitamin K

Answer 23

2
5
7
10

Question 24

In what disease processes involving the liver may INR be elevated?

Answer 24

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Vitamin K deficiency

Question 25

This is derived from the breakdown of RBCs due to hemolysis

This can be unconjugated or conjugated

Answer 25

Serum Bilirubin

Question 26

Is conjugated bilirubin associated with liver diseases or hemolytic disorders?

Unconjugated?

Answer 26

Conjugated: Hemolytic

Unconjugated: Liver disease

Question 27

This lab associated with liver function is often elevated in people with liver disease and muscle wasting.

This is commonly elevated in hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 27

Ammonia

Question 28

This two lab values are sensitive to acute hepatocellular injury or disease

Answer 28

AST

ALT

Question 29

This liver enzyme is the most concentrated in liver, bilary tract, and bone.

It is the most sensitive test for tumor metastasis to the liver

Answer 29

Alkaline phosphatase

Question 30

This liver enzyme is the most sensitive for detecting biliary obstruction, cholangitis, or cholecytitis

Answer 30

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

Question 31

__ _____ _______ test are indicated for chornic or recurrent gastric ulcers.

IgG antibodies are commonly seen elevated 2 months after the infection.

Answer 31

H. Pyloria antibody test

Question 32

This is a non-invasive approach to diagnosis H. pylori

Answer 32

Urea Breath Test

Question 33

This enzyme is useful for detecting and monitoring pancreatitis.

While it is very sensitive, it is not very specific.

Answer 33

Amylase

Question 34

This enzyme is useful in diagnosing and evaluating pancreatic disease, most commonly pancreatitis

Answer 34

Lipase

Question 35

This antigen in Hepatitis B is most commonly & easiest. First test to be abnormal before symptom onset.

Indicates active infection.

Answer 35

Hep B Surface Antigen

Question 36

This Hep B antibody appears after HBsAg leaves.

Shows end of acute infection.

Shows immunity to subsequent infection.

Indicates immunity from HBV vaccine

Answer 36

Hep B Surface Antibody

Question 37

In Hep B this appears 1 month after HBsAg infection and slowly declines.

Marker of chronic infection.

Only marker of recent infection.

Answer 37

Hep B Core Antibody

Question 38

____ must be in Hepatitis B to enter the liver

Answer 38

HDV