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BIOL2416 > Diagnostic Virology > Flashcards

Diagnostic Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Direct detection methods

A

Electron microscopy
Cell culture
Immunoassay
Molecular methods

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2
Q

Indirect detection methods

A

Immunoassay - antibodies to viral proteins

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3
Q

Hepatitis B

A 
Hepadnavirus
DsDNA-RT circular
Infects liver - cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma
Can cause persistent infection
Blood borne virus (parenteral)
Vaccine preventable
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4
Q

Hepatitis B virus diagnosis

A

Immunoassay
PCR to detect HBV DNA
Liver function tests

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5
Q

Classical serology techniques

A 
Complement fixation tests
Haemagglutination/Haemagglutination inhibition tests
Immunofluoresnce techniques
Neutralisation tests
Single radial haemolysis
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6
Q

Newer serology techniques

A 
radioimmunoassay
ELISA
Particle agglutination
Western Blot
Recombinant immunological assay
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7
Q

HBV serology markers

A

Hepatitis B surface antigen HbsAG
Antibodies to HBV core - anti-HBc and total IgM
HB e antigen - HBeAg and anti-HBe
Antibodies to HBsAG - anti-HBs

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8
Q

Blood service screening

A 
HBsAG
Anti-HIV 1/2
Anti-HCV
Anti-HTLV
Antibodies to troponema pallid up
HIV-1 RNA
HBV DNA
HCV RNA
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9
Q

Diagnostic sensitivity

A

The probability of an assay detecting samples that contain the Traeger analyte
Non analytical sensitivity
Low number of falsely negative results - high sensitivity
Limit of detection of a test

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10
Q

Diagnostic specificity

A

The probability of defining samples with a specific analyte and only that analyte as positive
Low number of false positives - high specificity

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11
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A 
Retroviridae - lentivirus
SsRNA-RT (twin strands)
Targets CD4 presenting cells
Can progress to AIDS
Blood-borne virus
Anti-retroviral drugs used to treat
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12
Q

HIV diagnosis

A

Immunoassay
PCR to detect HIV RNA or HIV DNA
CD4 count - indicates immune system health

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13
Q

Western blot

A

Proteins are prepared
Proteins are separated using gel electrophoresis eg SDS-PAGE
Transferred to solid phase - nitrocellulose membrane

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14
Q

HIV positive status at NRL

A 
1 glycoproteins (ENV)
\+ 3 viral proteins (gag or pol)
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15
Q

Togaviridae

A

SsRNA virus
Enveloped icosohedral
Rubivirus - rubella
Alphaviruses

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16
Q

Rubella

A 
Mild diseas in childhood and adults
Severe diseas to a foetus if mother has virus just before or in first 2 trimesters of pregnancy
Rash and sub-occipital lymphadenopathy
Congenital rubella syndrome
Microcephaly- ‘blueberry muffin’
17
Q

Types of vaccines

A

Live attenuated
Killed or inactivated
Toxoid based - tetanus and diphtheria
Subunits of virus - hep B

Conjugated to increase effectiveness

18
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A 
Passage through cells to ‘weaken’ virus candidate
Live in sense it is a functioning virus
Eg
Oral polio vaccine 
MMR
VZV
19
Q

Live virus vaccine

A 
Advantages
Activates all phases of immune system
Provides more durable immunity
Low cost
Quick immunity
Can be easier to administer

Disadvantages
Secondary mutation cause a reversion to virulent wild type
May still be able to cause disease
Manufacture process may cause adverse affect
Susceptible to changes in storage and transport

20
Q

Inactivated virus vaccine

A 
The DNA/RNA is not functional
Heat, chemical or radiation
Less immunogenicity so may require more doses
Eg
Inactive polio vaccine
Influenza vaccine
21
Q

Smallpox

A

Various
Group I dsDNA complex linear
Most feared infectious disease in history
Fatal 30% cases

22
Q

Measles

A

Group V ssRNA enveloped helical
Paramyxoviridae
Only infects humans
Highly contagious - always symptomatic

23
Q

Influenza

A

Group V ssRNA segmented
Three types A,B and C
Haemagglutination and neuraminidase spikes
Can undergo
Antigenic drift - seasonal influenza
Antigenic shift - pandemic influenza (A only)

24
Q

Diagnosis of Influenzavirus

A 
Clinical symptoms 
Immunofluorescence
HA and HAI
Cell culture (embryonated eggs)
RT-PCR, real-time PCR
Sequencing for subtype
25
Q

Herpesvirus

A 
Group I linear dsDNA viruses
All cause latent infection
Same family causing different diseases
Replicate in the nucleus 
Some are oncoviruses
26
Q

Varicella zoster virus

A

Human herpes virus 3
Chicken pox
Recurrent infection - shingles

27
Q

Anti-viral agents

A

Drugs used to treat viral infection
Usually targeted to specific virus
Like anti-bacterials, resistance is common
Do not usually kill viruses, but target:
Replication cycle steps and viral proteins

BIOL2416 (5 decks)

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