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NAPLEX > Diagnostic Tests for disorder/condition > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests for disorder/condition Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune, various

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)

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2
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), positive anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)

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3
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), positive anti-dsDNA antibodies

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4
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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5
Q

Anemia

A

All: decreased Hgb/Hct/RBCs
Microcytic (or iron deficiency): decreased MCV (MCV <80 fL)
Macrocytic (or B12 or folate deficiency): Increased MCV (MCV >100 fL), Schilling test

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6
Q

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

A

D-dimer test (marker of fibrinolysis)
DVT: ultrasound, venography, MRI
PE: pulmonary computed tomographic angiography

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7
Q

Stroke Prevention

A

CHA2DS2VASc scoring system (directs need for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation)

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8
Q

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

A

Unexplained decrease in platelets (> 50% drop from baseline) 5-14 days after starting heparin, positive antibodies based on a heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and/or serotonin release assay (SRA)

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9
Q

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), cardiac enzymes [creatine kinase muscle/ brain (CK-MB), troponin I and T]

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10
Q

Arrhythmias

A

ECG or EKG, Holter monitor (portable ECG device), heart rate

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11
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA, or stroke)

A

Computed tomography, MRI

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12
Q

Chronic heart failure

A

Echocardiogram, increased B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), Increased N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)

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13
Q

Stable Angina

A

Cardiac Stress test, angiography

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14
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

Increase in total cholesterol, non-HDL, LDL, TGs, coronary artery calcium (CAC, a non-invasive CT scan of the heart that measures calcium-containing plaque)

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15
Q

Hypertension

A

Increased systolic blood pressure/ diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

Hypertensive emergency or Urgency

A

Emergency: increase BP (greater than or equal to 180/120 mmHg) with acute target organ damage
Urgency: Increase BP (greater than or equal to 180/120 mmHg) without acute target organ damage

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17
Q

10 year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

A

10-year ASCVD risk tool [use if no history of ASCVD (ACS/IHD, stroke, PAD)]

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18
Q

Diabetes, Prediabetes

A

Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1C

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19
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Decreased thyroid stimulating hormone, increased free T4

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20
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Increased TSH, decreased FT4

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21
Q

ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone, peak value provides optimal timing for intercourse to become pregnant

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22
Q

Pregnancy

A

Positive human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or in blood

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23
Q

Bacterial vaginitis

A

clear, white or gray vaginal discharge, with a fishy odor and pH > 4.5, little or no pain

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24
Q

Candida Vaginits

A

White, thicker vaginal discharge, pruritus

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25
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Yellow, green frothy, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pH > 4.5, soreness and pain with intercourse

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26
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (mouth to small intestine)
Duodenal ulcer: pain 2-3 hrs after eating (without food in stomach), pain relief with food/ antacids
Gastric ulcer: pain right after eating (with food in stomach), little/ no pain relief with food/ antacids

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27
Q

GERD

A

esophageal pH monitoring, endoscopy

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28
Q

H. pylori

A

Urea breath test, fecal antigen test

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29
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease)

A

Endoscopy (for Crohn’s disease, which affects more of the GI tract)
Sigmoidoscopy (for ulcerative colitis, which affects the colon and rectum)
For both: colonoscopy, biopsy, CT, MRI

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30
Q

Bronchospastic disease

A

Spirometry, measures three main variables:
FEV1: how much air can be forcefully exhaled in one second
FVC: the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
FEV1/FVC: the percentage of total air capacity (‘vital capacity’) that can be forcefully exhaled in one second

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31
Q

Asthma

A

FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
Allergic asthma: skin test (to detect an allergen)

32
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7
Eosinophils >300 cells/ uL indicates inflammation and better response to inhaled corticosteroids

33
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Arterial blood gas, measures pH, pCO2, HCO3
decreased pH, decreased HCO3; compensation: respiratory alkalosis

34
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

decreased pH, increased pCO2; compensation: metabolic alkalosis

35
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

increased pH increased HCO3; compensation: respiratory acidosis

36
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

increased pH, decreased pCO2; compensation: metabolic acidosis

37
Q

Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

A

Anion Gap >12 mEq/L

38
Q

General infections

A

Fever (temperature > 100.4F or 38C) increased WBC, left shift (increased bands, or immature neutrophils)

39
Q

C. difficile

A

Positive C.diff stool toxin [enzyme immunoassay plus glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) test] or PCR

40
Q

HIV

A

HIV antigen/ antibody immunoassay, HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay, HIV RNA viral load, nucleic acid test

41
Q

Infective Endocarditis

A

Echo (to check for vegetation), blood culture (to identify causative organism)

42
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Round, red bullseye rash, ELISA test

43
Q

Meningitis

A

Lumbar puncture (LP), plus symptoms of headache, stiff neck and altered mental status

44
Q

Onychomycosis (Fungal Infection of Toenail or Fingernail)

A

20% KOH (potassium hydroxide) smearL

45
Q

Lice (Pediculosis)

A

Pruritus, visible lice on the scalp and nits (eggs) on hair shafts

46
Q

Pinworm (Vermicularis)

A

Tape test (on skin adjacent to anus to check presence of eggs), helminths (worms) in the blood, feces, or urine

47
Q

Pneumonia

A

Chest X-ray showing inflitrates, consolidations or opacities

48
Q

Syphillis

A

Positive nontreponemal assay [rapid plasma reagin (RPR) or venereal diseases research laboratory (VDRL) blood test] and treponemal assay

49
Q

Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis

A

Toxoplasma IgM and IgG test

50
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Latent TB: positive tuberculin skin test (TST) [also known as a purified protein derivative (PPD)], or interferon gamma release assay blood test
Active TB: positive sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain and culture, chest X-ray with cavitation

51
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

Urinalysis (positive leukocyte esterase or WBC > 10 cells/mm3, nitrites, bacteria), urine culture

52
Q

Breast cancer

A

Mammogram, ultrasound, MRI

53
Q

Cervical cancer

A

Pap smear, HPV test

54
Q

Colon cancer

A

Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double-contrast barium enema, CT colonography, stool DNA, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test

55
Q

Lung cancer

A

CT chest

56
Q

Skin cancer

A

skin biopdy

57
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen

58
Q

General cancer

A

carcinoembryonic antigen test, positron emission tomography

59
Q

Allergic reaction

A

skin prick (scratch) test (immediate), immunoglobulin E antibodies

60
Q

Bleeding

A

decreased Hgb/Hct, visible blood or bruising, coffee ground emesis or dark/tarry stools (upper GI bleeding), red blood in stool (lower bleeding or hemorrhoid)

61
Q

Cholestasis (bile duct blockage)

A

increase in alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), increased total bilirubin, increased gamma-glutamyl transferase

62
Q

Cognitive impairment

A

Mini-mental state exam , score <24 indicates impairment

63
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Sweat test

64
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure, visual field test (to identify optic nerve damage)

65
Q

Gout

A

increase uric acid level

66
Q

Liver disease

A

Liver function tests: increased AST/ALT, increased Alk Phos, Increased Tbili, increased lactate dehydrogenase
Cirrhosis: Increased PT/INR, decreased albumin
Alcoholic liver disease: increased AST>Increased ALT, Increased GGT
Hepatic encephalopathy: Increased ammonia level

67
Q

Movement disorders

A

Abnormal involuntary movement scale, rating scale used to measure involuntary movement, or tardive dyskinesia, as monitoring for patient improvement

68
Q

Myopathy

A

Increased creatine kinase or creatine phosphokinase

69
Q

Neuropathy, peripheral

A

assess sensation with 10-g monofilament, pinprick, temperature and/or vibration tests

70
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

X-ray, MRI

71
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone mineral density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA), T-score <2.5
Osteopenia: T-score -1 to -2.4

72
Q

Pain

A

pain scales, non-verbal signs (eg moaning, grimacing, agitation)

73
Q

Pancreatitis

A

increased amylase/lipase

74
Q

Psychiatric disease

A

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
Depression-specific: Ham-D or HDRS assessment scale

75
Q

Renal Disease

A

Increased BUN/SCr, creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin
Dehydration: BUN/SCr ratio > 20:1, plus symptoms (decreased urine output, dry mucus membranes, tachycardia)

76
Q

Seizures/ epilepsy

A

electroencephalogram

77
Q

weight: underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity

A

BMI (plus waist circumference for risks associated with overweight/obesity), ideal body weight, total body weight

NAPLEX (6 decks)

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