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NAPLEX > Diagnostic Tests for disorder/condition > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests for disorder/condition Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune, various

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)

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2
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), positive anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)

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3
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased C-reactive protein (CRP), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies, positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), positive anti-dsDNA antibodies

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4
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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5
Q

Anemia

A

All: decreased Hgb/Hct/RBCs
Microcytic (or iron deficiency): decreased MCV (MCV <80 fL)
Macrocytic (or B12 or folate deficiency): Increased MCV (MCV >100 fL), Schilling test

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6
Q

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

A

D-dimer test (marker of fibrinolysis)
DVT: ultrasound, venography, MRI
PE: pulmonary computed tomographic angiography

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7
Q

Stroke Prevention

A

CHA2DS2VASc scoring system (directs need for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation)

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8
Q

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

A

Unexplained decrease in platelets (> 50% drop from baseline) 5-14 days after starting heparin, positive antibodies based on a heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and/or serotonin release assay (SRA)

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9
Q

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), cardiac enzymes [creatine kinase muscle/ brain (CK-MB), troponin I and T]

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10
Q

Arrhythmias

A

ECG or EKG, Holter monitor (portable ECG device), heart rate

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11
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA, or stroke)

A

Computed tomography, MRI

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12
Q

Chronic heart failure

A

Echocardiogram, increased B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), Increased N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)

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13
Q

Stable Angina

A

Cardiac Stress test, angiography

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14
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

Increase in total cholesterol, non-HDL, LDL, TGs, coronary artery calcium (CAC, a non-invasive CT scan of the heart that measures calcium-containing plaque)

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15
Q

Hypertension

A

Increased systolic blood pressure/ diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

Hypertensive emergency or Urgency

A

Emergency: increase BP (greater than or equal to 180/120 mmHg) with acute target organ damage
Urgency: Increase BP (greater than or equal to 180/120 mmHg) without acute target organ damage

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17
Q

10 year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

A

10-year ASCVD risk tool [use if no history of ASCVD (ACS/IHD, stroke, PAD)]

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18
Q

Diabetes, Prediabetes

A

Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin A1C

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19
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Decreased thyroid stimulating hormone, increased free T4

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20
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Increased TSH, decreased FT4

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21
Q

ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone, peak value provides optimal timing for intercourse to become pregnant

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22
Q

Pregnancy

A

Positive human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or in blood

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23
Q

Bacterial vaginitis

A

clear, white or gray vaginal discharge, with a fishy odor and pH > 4.5, little or no pain

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24
Q

Candida Vaginits

A

White, thicker vaginal discharge, pruritus

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25
Trichomoniasis
Yellow, green frothy, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pH > 4.5, soreness and pain with intercourse
26
Peptic ulcer disease
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (mouth to small intestine) Duodenal ulcer: pain 2-3 hrs after eating (without food in stomach), pain relief with food/ antacids Gastric ulcer: pain right after eating (with food in stomach), little/ no pain relief with food/ antacids
27
GERD
esophageal pH monitoring, endoscopy
28
H. pylori
Urea breath test, fecal antigen test
29
Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease)
Endoscopy (for Crohn's disease, which affects more of the GI tract) Sigmoidoscopy (for ulcerative colitis, which affects the colon and rectum) For both: colonoscopy, biopsy, CT, MRI
30
Bronchospastic disease
Spirometry, measures three main variables: FEV1: how much air can be forcefully exhaled in one second FVC: the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled FEV1/FVC: the percentage of total air capacity ('vital capacity') that can be forcefully exhaled in one second
31
Asthma
FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) Allergic asthma: skin test (to detect an allergen)
32
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7 Eosinophils >300 cells/ uL indicates inflammation and better response to inhaled corticosteroids
33
Metabolic acidosis
Arterial blood gas, measures pH, pCO2, HCO3 decreased pH, decreased HCO3; compensation: respiratory alkalosis
34
Respiratory Acidosis
decreased pH, increased pCO2; compensation: metabolic alkalosis
35
Metabolic Alkalosis
increased pH increased HCO3; compensation: respiratory acidosis
36
Respiratory alkalosis
increased pH, decreased pCO2; compensation: metabolic acidosis
37
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap >12 mEq/L
38
General infections
Fever (temperature > 100.4F or 38C) increased WBC, left shift (increased bands, or immature neutrophils)
39
C. difficile
Positive C.diff stool toxin [enzyme immunoassay plus glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) test] or PCR
40
HIV
HIV antigen/ antibody immunoassay, HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay, HIV RNA viral load, nucleic acid test
41
Infective Endocarditis
Echo (to check for vegetation), blood culture (to identify causative organism)
42
Lyme Disease
Round, red bullseye rash, ELISA test
43
Meningitis
Lumbar puncture (LP), plus symptoms of headache, stiff neck and altered mental status
44
Onychomycosis (Fungal Infection of Toenail or Fingernail)
20% KOH (potassium hydroxide) smearL
45
Lice (Pediculosis)
Pruritus, visible lice on the scalp and nits (eggs) on hair shafts
46
Pinworm (Vermicularis)
Tape test (on skin adjacent to anus to check presence of eggs), helminths (worms) in the blood, feces, or urine
47
Pneumonia
Chest X-ray showing inflitrates, consolidations or opacities
48
Syphillis
Positive nontreponemal assay [rapid plasma reagin (RPR) or venereal diseases research laboratory (VDRL) blood test] and treponemal assay
49
Toxoplasma gondii Encephalitis
Toxoplasma IgM and IgG test
50
Tuberculosis (TB)
Latent TB: positive tuberculin skin test (TST) [also known as a purified protein derivative (PPD)], or interferon gamma release assay blood test Active TB: positive sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain and culture, chest X-ray with cavitation
51
Urinary tract infection
Urinalysis (positive leukocyte esterase or WBC > 10 cells/mm3, nitrites, bacteria), urine culture
52
Breast cancer
Mammogram, ultrasound, MRI
53
Cervical cancer
Pap smear, HPV test
54
Colon cancer
Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double-contrast barium enema, CT colonography, stool DNA, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test
55
Lung cancer
CT chest
56
Skin cancer
skin biopdy
57
Prostate cancer
Digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen
58
General cancer
carcinoembryonic antigen test, positron emission tomography
59
Allergic reaction
skin prick (scratch) test (immediate), immunoglobulin E antibodies
60
Bleeding
decreased Hgb/Hct, visible blood or bruising, coffee ground emesis or dark/tarry stools (upper GI bleeding), red blood in stool (lower bleeding or hemorrhoid)
61
Cholestasis (bile duct blockage)
increase in alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), increased total bilirubin, increased gamma-glutamyl transferase
62
Cognitive impairment
Mini-mental state exam , score <24 indicates impairment
63
Cystic Fibrosis
Sweat test
64
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure, visual field test (to identify optic nerve damage)
65
Gout
increase uric acid level
66
Liver disease
Liver function tests: increased AST/ALT, increased Alk Phos, Increased Tbili, increased lactate dehydrogenase Cirrhosis: Increased PT/INR, decreased albumin Alcoholic liver disease: increased AST>Increased ALT, Increased GGT Hepatic encephalopathy: Increased ammonia level
67
Movement disorders
Abnormal involuntary movement scale, rating scale used to measure involuntary movement, or tardive dyskinesia, as monitoring for patient improvement
68
Myopathy
Increased creatine kinase or creatine phosphokinase
69
Neuropathy, peripheral
assess sensation with 10-g monofilament, pinprick, temperature and/or vibration tests
70
Osteoarthritis
X-ray, MRI
71
Osteoporosis
Bone mineral density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA), T-score <2.5 Osteopenia: T-score -1 to -2.4
72
Pain
pain scales, non-verbal signs (eg moaning, grimacing, agitation)
73
Pancreatitis
increased amylase/lipase
74
Psychiatric disease
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria Depression-specific: Ham-D or HDRS assessment scale
75
Renal Disease
Increased BUN/SCr, creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin Dehydration: BUN/SCr ratio > 20:1, plus symptoms (decreased urine output, dry mucus membranes, tachycardia)
76
Seizures/ epilepsy
electroencephalogram
77
weight: underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity
BMI (plus waist circumference for risks associated with overweight/obesity), ideal body weight, total body weight

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