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Parasitology 1st Shifting > Diagnostic Techniques > Flashcards

Diagnostic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Simplest and easiest technique to facilitate detection of intestinal parasites that infected subjects pass in their feces

A

Direct Fecal Smear (DFS)

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2
Q

What are the reagents used for DFS?

A

Normal Saline Solution (NSS: 0.85%) and Lugol’s Iodine

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3
Q

Most common sample for parasitology

A

Stool

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4
Q

Characteristics determined in macroscopic analysis

A

Color, consistency, mucus & blood presence, adult worms present

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5
Q

Routine procedure for microscopic analysis

A

DFS

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6
Q

Most ideal technique for microscopic analysis

A

Permanent staining

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7
Q

Increases the sensitivity especially if the parasite is in low count

A

Concentration technique

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8
Q

How many mg of stool should be put in the glass slide?

A

2 mg

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9
Q

Quantifies the egg can correlate the severity of the disease with the intensity of the infection and can assess the efficacy of treatment

A

Kato-Katz Technique

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10
Q

True or False: Kato-Katz Technique can be used for all parasites

A

False. This is not applicable to all.

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11
Q

What are the primary parasites used in Kato-Katz Technique?

A

Hookworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiuria
*can also be useful for Schistosoma

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12
Q

Unit used when conducting Kato-Katz

A

eggs per gram stool (epg)

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13
Q

What is the role of glycerine?

A

Clearing agent

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14
Q

For how long should the cellophane strips be soaked into glycerine before procedure?

A

24 hours prior to use

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15
Q

How long are hookworm eggs visible?

A

30-60 minutes

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16
Q

How long are A. lumbrocoides and T. trichiuria eggs visible?

A

months

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17
Q

How long are schistosome eggs recognizable?

A

Several months; examination preferred 24 hours within slide preparation

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18
Q

What is the amount of stool and epg for template with Diameter: 9 mm
Thickness: 1 mm?

A

50 mg; count x 20

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19
Q

What is the amount of stool and epg for template with Diameter: 6 mm
Thickness: 1.5 mm?

A

41.7 mg; count x 24

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20
Q

What is the amount of stool and epg for template with Diameter: 6.5 mm
Thickness: 0.5 mm?

A

20 mg; count x 50

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21
Q

What are the classifications of intensity of infection in A. lumbricoides?

A

light: 1-4,999 epg
moderate: 5,000-49,999 epg
heavy: more than or equal to 50,000 epg

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22
Q

What are the classifications of intensity of infection in T. trichiuria?

A

light: 1-999 epg
moderate: 1,000-9,999 epg
heavy: more than or equal to 10,000 epg

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23
Q

What are the classifications of intensity of infection in hookworms?

A

light: 1-1,999 epg
moderate: 2,000-3,999 epg
heavy: more than or equal to 4,000 epg

24
Q

What are the classifications of intensity of infection in S. mansoni?

A

light: 1-99 epg
moderate: 100-399 epg
heavy: more than or equal to 400 epg

25
Q

What is the gold standard for malarial parasites?

A

thick and thin smear

26
Q

What are the organisms detected by thick and thin smear?

A

Babesia, Hemoflagellates, Trypanosoma, Filarial nematodes (microfilaria)

27
Q

Used to determine if parasite is present; more sensitive; and is the first priority

A

thick blood smear

28
Q

Used to confirm the Plasmodium species present

A

thin blood smear

29
Q

Needs dehemoglobinisation by dipping in water

A

thick blood smear

30
Q

Fixed with methanol

A

thin blood smear

31
Q

What is the formula for parasitemia?

A

% parasitemia = (parasitized RBCs/total RBCs) x 100

32
Q

What should be done if the parasitemia is high?

A

examine 500 RBCs

33
Q

What should be done if the parasitemia is low?

A

examine 2000 RBCs

34
Q

Also called “scotch tape” swab

A

Cellophane Swab

35
Q

Primary parasite detected by cellophane swab

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs

36
Q

Time of collection in cellophane swab

A

early in the morning before the patient washes or defecates

37
Q

How many negative tests should be done before pinworm infection is ruled out?

A

five (5)

38
Q

Where is E. vermicularis mostly recorvered?

A

Perianal swab; low recovery in stool

39
Q

What is the causative agent of taeniasis?

A

Taenia solium or Taenia saginata

40
Q

Segments that causes apolysis that releases eggs in the process

A

Proglottid

41
Q

Preferred sample for taeniasis

A

Stool

42
Q

Dissolves lipid content and other debris in concentration techniques

A

Ethyl acetate

43
Q

Easier to perform, routinely done, and more general

A

Sedimentation

44
Q

More recommended and cleaner procedure, but is more expensive

A

Flotation

45
Q

Filter paper with stool is dipped with water and the water is examined for filariform larva (L3)

A

Harada-Mori Filter Paper Culture

46
Q

Like Harada-Mori, but more stool is used and examines filariform larva (L3)

A

Baermann Funnel Culture

47
Q

Parasites examined by Harada-Mori and Baermann Techniques

A

Hookworm and Strongyloides

48
Q

Blood concentration technique for microfilaria (sedimentation/thick film)

A

Knott’s Concentration Technique

49
Q

What is the ratio of blood to reagent in Knott’s concentration technique?

A

1mL venous blood + 10mL 2% formalin centrifuged 500xg 10 mins

50
Q

Used for schistosomes ; positive result is bulging of eggs

A

Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT)

51
Q

Reagent and sample in COPT

A

lyophilized S. japonicum eggs + patient’s serum

52
Q

An inhibition test for trophozoites where the positive result is the non-bonding of dye

A

Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

53
Q

Infection detected by Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

A

Toxoplasma gondi infection

54
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondi transmitted?

A

transmitted through infection from cats and crosses the placental barrier, which makes it a fatal for pregnant and may cause cerebral defects and blindness

55
Q

Reagent for Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

A

toxoplasma + patient’s serum + methylene blue dye

Parasitology 1st Shifting (3 decks)

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