Diagnostic Techiques Flashcards
what is innate immunity and non-specific
- present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. e.g. physical, chemical and biological- phagocytosis
- physical, chemical and biological defences :
- role of physical barriers
- chemical defences and their location within the body, to include the inflammation response and its consequences. Specific details of the chemical involved in lnflammation are not required
- biological defences to include; mast cells, phagocytes, basophils and eosinophils,natural killer cells. The roles of complement and natural killer T’cells are not required
what is primary and adaptive primary immunity
- when first exposed to an antigen, the body usually takes several days to respond and build up a large supply of antibodies. The number of antibodies will peak and then begin to decline
- recognition of self and non-self
- humoral and cell-mediated responses, to include the roles of helper T cells, killer T cells and B cells. The mechanism behind antigen presentation is not required.
what is secondary and adaptive immunity
- second time your body encounters an antigen it already knows how to fight infection because of memory cells
- the role of T and B memory cells
what is artifical adaptive immunity and passive immunity
- results from immunisation with a vaccine artifical adaptive immunity to include vaccinations
- natural passive and artifical passive immunity
3.natural passive immunity is accquired by a child through placenta and breast milk
what is a diagnostic technique, reflex testing and pupillary light reflex?
- monitoring & diagnosing abnormalites & illness in humans e.g. X-ray studies: mammography, CT
- test performed to observe the body’s response to a stimulus e.g knee jerk reflex
- Normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retina abnormal result indicates optic nerves injury,head injury, brain injury and stroke
what is nerve conduction velocity test(NCV), measuring heart rate and blood pressure ?
- Measures how fast electrical impulses can travel through your nerves, speed between 50 to 60 metres
- This test is used to diagnose many nerve disorders, including carpal tunnel syndrome, herniated disk disease - taking heart rate with fingers at the neck ( carotid pulse) and wrist ( radial pulse) or automatically using a finger oximeter
- measured with a sphymona meter and stethoscope
- normal 120/80mmHg. The first number is the systolic pressure when the ventricles are contracting. The second number is the disastolic pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.
- low blood pressure less than 90/60mmHg
- high blood pressure over 120/80mmHg
electrocardiogram
recording of the electrical changes that occur in the heart during a cardiac cycle
- P wave, QRS complex, T wave
- bradycardia is slow heart rate ( less than 60bpm)
- Tachycardia is fast heart rate ( HR greater than 100bpm)
- arrythmia is irregular heartbeat
- Arial fibrillation is rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium.
- ventricular fibrillation is the rapid, irregular and useless contractions of the ventricles
- flat line asystole - no contraction/activity of the heart, adrenaline would be administered - emergency
- myocardial infarction is heart attack, ST elevation
capillary refill test
tissue perfusion. Pressure applied to nail bed until it turns white, indicating the blood has been forced from the tissue(blanching) then pressure is removed. The health care provider measues the time it takes for blood to return to the tissue. Return of blood is indicated by the nail turning back to a pink color
measuring tech
- tissue perfusion is looking for colour changes within limbs/ organs. Blood flow to an area can be observed using medical imaging techniques e.g. MRI scans. If poor tissue perfusion is observed externally in a limb then a doppler could be used to detect a pulse e.g. in limb of a patient with suspected blood clot( thrombus)
- measuring percentage saturation of oxygen in blood automatically using a finger pulse oximeter, normal values should be above 92%. It works by shining a light through the finger and measuring how much light is absorbed by the blood
- capillary blood gas assessment: blood is taken from the earlobe and the saturation of oxygen measured.
- measuring respiratory rate: watch a full breath, inhalation and exhalation
- put hand on chest and watch movement, count how many times this happens per minute,average= 12 breaths per minute ( 12 -20)
measuring temp
- 37.2c for a healthy adult
- too high, the person has a feve. Too low, the person has hypothermia. Measured with a thermometer, under the tongue,under the armpit, or forehead
- most thermometers are now digital, however traditional ones can still be used
haematology
- full blood count: all types of blood cell including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
- C-reactive protein is blood test used to measure the level of inflammation in the body; may indicate conditions that lead to cardiovascular
- low red blood count: anaemia
- high white blood cell count: leucoytosis
- platelets- 150,000-350,000 per mm3 normal
- high platelet count: increased risk of blood clot
- low platelet count : decreased clotting
- Autoantibody tests: any of several tests that look for specific antibodies to your own tissues. Can help diagnose autoimmune disorders
- AB blood group has both A and B antigens on RBC surface: no antibodies in plasma: universal recipient
- O blood group has neither A nor B antigen on RBC surface, both antibodies in plasma: universal donor
