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Clin Path > Diagnostic Significance of RBC > Flashcards

Diagnostic Significance of RBC Flashcards

1
Q

What causes rouleau formation?

A

cells lose repelling forces

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2
Q

Name that morphology

A

rouleau

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3
Q

What is significant about seeing rouleaux formations in a blood smear?

A

seen with hyperglobulinemia a/o hyperfibrinogenemia
due to inflammation a/o dehydration

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4
Q

In which species is it “normal” to see rouleaux formations in healthy animals?

A

horses - form easily
dogs and cats too - moderate

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5
Q

Approximately what percentage of the blood smear should be affected before we consider a morphological change to be abnormal?

A

greater than or equal to 30%

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6
Q

Which area of the blood smear is the area of interest when looking at RBC morphology?

A

monolayer

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7
Q

How does agglutination form between RBCs? (usually)

A

usually caused by antibodies forming bridges between RBCs

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8
Q

1 differential when agglutination is observed on a blood smear

A

IMHA

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9
Q

Name that morphology

A

agglutination

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10
Q

How will agglutination affect the values in a CBC?

A

increased calculated Hct
decrease [RBC]
increase MCV

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11
Q

Explain the saline dilution (dispersion) test

A

used to determine the cause of agglutination
1 drop blood + 9 drops saline

agglutination resolves = inflammation a/o dehydration
agglutination persists = IMHA

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12
Q

Which species have a prominent central pallor in their RBCs? mild? none?

A

prominent = K9
mild = cattle
none = equine, fel

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13
Q

1 differential for polychromatophilic erythrocytes

A

RBC regeneration (accelerated erythripoiesis, regenerative anemia)

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14
Q

Name that morphology

A

polychromatophilic

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15
Q

1 differential for hypochromic erythrocytes when there is high MCV and low MCHC

A

regenerative anemia

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16
Q

What causes hypochromic RBCs to form?

A

incomplete Hgb synthesis

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17
Q

1 differential diagnosis for hypochromic RBC with low MCV and low MCHC

A

iron deficiency

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18
Q

Reticulocyte =

A

immature erythrocyte

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19
Q

What type of stain is used to identify reticulocytes?

A

NMB stain

(stain polychromatic with Wright’s stain - not specific to indentify reticulocytes)

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20
Q

Name that morphology

A

reticulocytes

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21
Q

Anisocytosis =

A

different sized RBC

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22
Q

What causes macrocytes to form?

A

incomplete maturation or skipped cell division

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23
Q

1 differential diagnosis for macrocytes in blood smear

A

RBC regeneration

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24
Q

Name that morphology

A

macrocyte

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25
Q

What causes microcytes to form?

A

increased cell divisions during development

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26
Q

Which CBC analyte will we expect to be lower when microcytes are present?

A

MCV

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27
Q

1 differential diagnosis for microcyte formation (and why)

A

iron deficiency because iron stops mitosis during erythropoiesis

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28
Q

Name that morphology

A

microcyte

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29
Q

Discocytes aka

A

normocytes

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30
Q

Name that morphology

A

discocytes

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31
Q

Poikilocyte =

A

abnormal erythrocyte shape

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32
Q

Echinocyte

A

spiny
regularly spaced membrane projections

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33
Q

Name that morphology

A

echinocyte

34
Q

What causes echinocytes to form?

A

membrane changes

35
Q

1 differential diagnosis for echinocytes

A

drying artifact

36
Q

Acanthocyte

A

spur cell
irregularly spaced, blunt membrane projections

37
Q

What causes acanthocytes to form?

A

RBC trauma
excess membrane lipid

38
Q

Name that morphology

A

acanthocyte

39
Q

1 differential diagnosis for acanthocytosis

A

canine hemangiosarcoma

40
Q

Spherocyte

A

spheroid, round, globoid cell
decreased diameter, lacks central pallor

41
Q

1 differential diagnosis for spherocytosis

A

immune mediated hemolysis or partial hemolysis

42
Q

Name that morphology

A

spherocytosis

43
Q

Codocyte

A

target cell
central focus of Hgb surrounded by ring of pallor

44
Q

How are codocytes formed?

A

excess membrane relative to amount of Hgb

45
Q

Differentials for codocytosis

A

regenerative anemia
liver disease/toxemia – all cells are affected
Fe deficiency

46
Q

Name that morphology

47
Q

Schizocyte

A

split, cut
triangular, comma-shaped RBC fragment

48
Q

How are schizocytes forms?

A

intravascular RBC trauma

49
Q

1 differential diagnosis for schizocytosis

50
Q

Name that morphology

A

schizocyte

51
Q

Keratocyte

A

helmet cell
notched cell with 1-2 horn-like projections

52
Q

What causes keratocytes to form?

A

intravascular RBC trama

53
Q

1 differential diagosis for keratocytosis

54
Q

Name that morphology

A

keratocyte

55
Q

Name that morphology

A

prekeratocyte (blister cell)

56
Q

Name that morphology

A

eccentrocyte

57
Q

What causes eccentrocytes to form?

A

oxidative damage to RBC membrane AND Hgb

58
Q

1 differential diagnmosis for eccentrocytosis

A

oxidative damage

59
Q

Pyknocyte

A

spheroidal cell with condensed Hgb
usually seen with eccentrocytes

60
Q

What causes pyknocytes to form?

A

oxidative damage to membrane and Hgb

61
Q

1 differential diagnosis for pyknocytosis

A

oxidative damage

same pathogenesis as eccentrocytosis

62
Q

Name that morphology

63
Q

Elliptocyte

A

elliptical or oval cell

64
Q

Which species are elliprocytes nirmal in?

A

camelids (camel, llama, alpaca…)

65
Q

Name that morphology

A

elliptocyte

66
Q

Which species are nucleated RBCs (and platelets aka thrombocytes) normal in?

A

fish, reptiles, avian, amphibians

67
Q

What causes Heinz bodies to form? (PEQ)

A

oxidation of Hgb

68
Q

In which species are Heinz bodies common/expected in?

69
Q

Name that morphology

A

Heinz bodies

70
Q

What causes Howell-Jolly bodies to form?

A

nuclear remnant of chromatin left behind after mitosis of nRBC

71
Q

Which species are Howell-Jolly bodies common in? Why?

A

feline because they have nonsinusoidal spleens

72
Q

When are Howell-Jolly bodies expected to be seen?

A

increased erythropoiesis
decreased splenic function/splenectomy

73
Q

Basophilic stippling in RBCs

A

finely aggregated ribsomes that was not degraded

74
Q

Name that morphology

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

75
Q

Differential list for basophilic stippling

A

regenerative anemias
canine lead poisoning (r/o anemia first)

76
Q

Name that morphology

A

basophilic stippling

77
Q

Rubricytosis

A

nucleated RBCs (nRBC)
early or inappropriate release from bone marrow

78
Q

Appropriate rubricytosis

A

in regenerative anemias - response to blood loss or hemolysis

79
Q

Inappropriate rubricytosis

A

in nonregenerative anemias or w/o anemia - LEAD POISONING in dogs

80
Q

Name that morphology

A

rubricytosis

81
Q

How to calculate absolute nRBC?

A

nRBC included in total WBC

absolute nRBA = n x WBC
————-
n + 100

Clin Path (3 decks)

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