Diagnostic Med Flashcards
Infection control practices are important to protect
Patient, You, Co-workers, and Family
Disease transmission occurs by either
A) Direct transmission occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person.
B) Indirect infections spread when an infected person sneezes or coughs, sending infectious droplets into the air
The best prevention against the spread of disease is
handwashing
What is a biohazardous material
Substances that are harmful to the environment and life, may contain pathogens.
Describe normal flora.
Norma flora is found in or on our bodies on a semi-permanent basis without causing disease. There are more bacteria living in or on our bodies than we have cells of our own
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
Standard Precautions
Treating all patients as if infected with pathogens
How often should health care employees and others in health care be updated on OSHA and Universal Precaution Standards?
Annually
What is the primary color of a sharps container in most situations?
Red
Infections capable of being spread to others are called
contagions or infectious agents
Define nosocomial infection
Secondary infection acquired while patient in the hospital
Microorganisms that cause disease are
pathogens
What is epidemiology and why is it important?
Epidemiology is the study of the origin and causes of diseases in a community. It is the scientific method of investigation problem-solving used by disease detectives— epidemiologists, laboratory scientists, statisticians, physicians and other health care providers, and public health professionals—to get to the root of health problems and outbreaks in a community. It is important for identifying the pathogen, causes and its transmission so we might discover prevention and cures.
Draw and describe the Chain of Infection
Infectious agent (germs)
Reservoir (People, animals, food, soil, water)
Portal of exit (Mouth, open wounds, stool)
Mode of transportation (Contact, droplets)
Portal of entry (Mouth, eyes, open wounds)
Susceptible host
MSDS is the acronym for
Material Safety Data Sheets
Define MSDS
Information on every chemical in the work place including composition, treatment, and manufacture
What is the responsibility of OSHA and what does it stand for?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration – ensures safety in the workplace for everyone
What does the acronym RACE stand for?
R Rescue – remove patients in immediate danger
A Alarm –pull alarm, notify coworkers
C Contain – close all doors/windows
E Evacuate – remove all patients from danger
Fast heart rate is known as
Tachycardia is heart rate > 100 bpm
Slow heart rate is known as
Bradycardia is heart rate < 60 bpm
High blood pressure is
Hypertension is bp > 140/90
Low blood pressure is
Hypotension is bp < 90/60
What are the numerical representations of a BP and what do they mean?
- Top number is systolic which measures the contraction phase of the heart cycle when blood is leaving ventricles to the lungs and body.
- Bottom number is diastolic which measures the relaxation phase of the heart cycle when blood is leaving the atria into the ventricles.
Describe blood flow through the heart:
1 Inferior / superior vena cava 2 Right atrium 3 tricuspid valve 4 right ventricle 5 pulmonary semilunar valve 6 pulmonary artery 7 Lungs 8 pulmonary veins 9 left atrium 10 bicuspid or mitral valve 11 left ventricle 12 aortic semilunar valve 13 Body
What happens if there is insufficient blood flowing to the body and organs?
Organs and tissues do not receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients thus do not function properly which can lead to kidney, liver, stomach failure etc,, brain – forgetfulness, slow to respond, enhancement of emotions. Edema develops in lower extremities because blood is not flowing back to heart properly.
Explain the electrical conduction system and pathway
Sinatrial node in right atrium sends electrical message to atrioventricular junction between the atria andventricles which slows message through bundle of HIS at top of ventricles which sends message to bundle branches around the ventricles and then to the purkinjie fibers around the ventricles.
Explain the signs and symptoms of heart disease.
Causes: Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, gender, hypertension, male gender, diabetes, inactivity, obesity.
Signs and symptoms: headache, irritability, edema (swelling in extremeties), high blood pressure, chest pain, heart attack, fatigue, stroke
P wave
P wave is when the atria are contracting and the ventricles are filling, corresponding to the diastolic phase (diastole) of blood pressure.
PR Interval
PR interval is the time for the impulse to travel to ventricles, ventricles finish filling
QRS
QRS is when the ventricles are contracting and atria are filling, corresponds to the systolic phase (systole) of the blood pressure
What are the steps to analyze rhythm strips?
Is p-p regular, is r-r regular, measure rate, measure PRI, measure QRS and then determine rhythm.
List normal ranges measurements for EKG
PRI – 0.12 - 0.20
QRS – 0.04 – 0.12
Regular rate 60 – 100 beats per minute
Sinus Rhythm
60-100 bpm, rhythm is regular, every P wave is followed by a QRS, PRI is 0.12-0.20 seconds, and the QRS is less than or equal to 0.12 seconds.
Sinus Bradycardia
Rate is less than 60 bpm, rhythm is usually regular, every P wave is followed by a QRS, the PRI is 0.12-0.20, and the QRS is less than or equal to 0.12 seconds.
Sinus Tachycardia
Rate is 100-150 bpm, rhythm is regular, every P wave is followed by a QRS, PRI is 0.12-0.20, and the QRS is less than or equal to 0.12 seconds.
Atrial Flutter
Rate is 250-400 bpm, every P wave is not followed by a QRS, P waves occur in clusters of 2, 3, or 4 (looks like teeth), P waves are usually 0.20 seconds, every cluster is followed by a QRS, the QRS is less than or equal to 0.12 seconds, and the PRI is unmeasurable/unidentifiable.
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial rate is too fast to count (unidentifiable), rhythm is irregular, every P wave is not followed by a QRS, the PRI is unidentifiable, the QRS is less than or equal to 0.12 seconds, and it may cause blood clots to form and be sent to the brain, heart, or lungs.
Premature Ventricular Contraction
Rate is usually 60-100 bpm, rhythm is regular except when PVC occurs, PVC may occur alone at regular intervals, most P waves are followed by a QRS, the PRI is 0.12-0.20 seconds, the QRS is less than or equal to 0.12 seconds, except for premature beats, where it would be greater than or equal to 0.12 seconds, 6 or more PVCs in one minute, the heart is becoming irritable, and PVC can occur at any time.
Ventricular Tachycardia
Rate is 150-250 bpm, rhythm is regular (ric rac), no P waves are
seen, and this is a continuous PVC run.
Ventricular Fibrillation
Rate is too irregular to count, cannot identify any part of the
waveform, and the Tx-defibrillation.
HTN
Hypertension is high blood pressure. It makes the blood vessels and the heart work harder. It also increases the chance of heart disease, heart attack, or a stroke. The causes of hypertension are blood plasma volume, hormone activity, stress, and lack of exercise. It can cause sweating, anxiety, sleeping problems, blushing, headaches, and nose bleeds. It can be treated by eating healthy, reducing stress, exercising, medication, and reducing alcohol consumption. It can be diagnosed by taking blood pressure using an inflatable cuff at home or at the hospital.
CAD
Coronary artery disease is the hardening of arteries. Women are more likely to get symptoms such as indigestion, shortness of breath, back pain, etc. They both share common symptoms such as chest pains, and the risk factors are the same. It is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries. The diagnosis is determined by an ECG, echocardiogram, an exercise stress test, a nuclear stress test, cardiac catheterization and angiogram, and a CT scan. The treatment is lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, eating healthy, exercising, and reducing stress.
MI
Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a heart attack, and it causes tissue death that occurs in a segment of heart muscle from blockage to a coronary artery. It is caused by an interruption of oxygen supply to the heart. It is the leading cause of death in both men and women. The symptoms of a heart attack are chest pain, squeezing or heavy pressure on the chest, pain that radiates down the left shoulder and arm, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, anxiety or fainting, lightheadedness or dizziness, palpitations, and sweating. It can be diagnosed by the use of an ECG, blood tests, chest x-rays, echocardiogram, angiogram, CT scan or an MRI. It can be treated by medications, surgeries, or cardiac rehabilitation.
CHF
Congestive heart failure is when the heart does not pump blood as it should. Certain conditions can leave the heart too weak to pump blood. Some symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, swelling in the limbs, rapid/irregular heartbeat, inability to exercise, cough or wheezing with tinted phlegm, need to urinate frequently, swelling of the abdomen, rapid weight gain, nausea, decreased ability to concentrate, and chest pain. It can be diagnosed through the use of a physical exam, blood tests, a chest x-ray, ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, a CT scan, an MRI, a coronary angiogram, and a myocardial biopsy. It can be treated by the use of medications, surgery, medical devices, palliative care, and the end-of-life care.
Atherosclerosis/Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis starts with the damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. The fatty deposits called plaque build up in the arteries. This causes blockage in arteries, less flexible vessels, and high blood pressure. The symptoms are chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle weakness, pain in the location that has a blocked artery, and confusion. This can be diagnosed by an ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRA. This can be treated by medications such as calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors.
Angina Pectoris
Angina Pectoris is caused by an insufficient supply of blood to the heart. It is a condition characterized by severe, constricting pain or sensation of pressure in the chest, often radiating to the left arm. Some symptoms are uncomfortable pressure in the chest, pain in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back, and arm. This can be diagnosed by a chest x-ray, an MRI, a CT scan, and ECG, a stress test, a coronary angiography, and an echocardiogram. Aspirin, beta blockers, statins, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and Ranolazine are some medications/treatments that are used to treat/alleviate angina pectoris. One could also exercise more, quit smoking, focus on their diet, regulate stress, lose excess weight, and pay attention to medical conditions.
Echocardiogram
It is used to view the heart to see if blood clots are present and are able to be formed. A transducer is placed in the esophagus in order to obtain pictures of the heart.
Cardiac Catheterization
It is used to look at cardiovascular issues. A catheter is inserted in a particular place in the body and in the blood vessels to reach the heart
MRI
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses magnetic forces, radio waves, and a computer in order to produce detailed images of the body to see if there are any diseases or injuries
Cardioversion
It creates a regular heart rhythm for people with arrhythmias.
Heart Transplant
It is a surgical procedure that replaces a heart that is dysfunctional with a normal, healthy heart.
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery is used to treat coronary artery disease by enlarging the narrowed coronary arteries.
Coronary Angioplasty
A procedure that enlarges the coronary artery that is narrowed by atherosclerosis.
Cardiotonic
These medications are used to make the heart function properly.
Vasodilators
These medications open blood vessels, and they prevent the muscles and blood vessel walls from contracting/narrowing.
Antiarrhythmics
These medications are used to prevent arrhythmias.
Diuretics
These medications are water pills that are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension).
Anticoagulants
These medications are blood thinners used to keep blot clots from forming.
Clot Dissolvers
These medications are given through an IV to dissolve blood clots.
Antibiotics
These medications fight against bacterial based infections.
ASA
These medications are used for blood thinners and can reduce the chances of a heart attack.
