Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Infection control practices are important to protect healthcare workers/patients from

Answer 1

bodily fluids, blood, pathogens/diseases, and mucous membranes

Question 2

Disease transmission occurs by either

Answer 2

Direct, or Indirect

Question 3

Which patients should be evacuated first when a fire is present?

Answer 3

Ambulatory patients

Question 4

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Answer 4

Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body, and the physiology is the study of the science behind how the structures work.

Question 5

Identify and describe the three invisible planes that divide the human body and how they divide the body. What is the direction of the movements or motions that each plane makes?

Answer 5

Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right sections
Frontal plane: divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse plane: divides the body into upper and lower sections (inferior and superior)

Question 6

Directional Orientation

Answer 6

Medial: nearest to the midline the body
Lateral: furthest from the midline of the body
Superior: nearest to the head
Inferior: body part that is below another
Distal: body part located far from an attachment point
Proximal: body part location near an attachment point
Cephalic: pertaining to the head
Caudal: meaning near the tail
Anterior: towards the front
Posterior: Towards the back
Ventral: in humans, towards the front, in animals, it is towards the belly
Dorsal: towards the back

Question 7

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 7

Body upright, facing forwards, feet square, palms out facing forward

Question 8

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

Answer 8

The right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal, hypogastric region, and left inguinal

Question 9

Explain homeostasis

Answer 9

It is the natural tendency of a person to maintain the psychological and physiological stability.

Question 10

Name four functions of the integumentary system

Answer 10

Protection, heat regulation, sensation, and waste secretion.

Question 11

How does skin help to regulate body temperature?

Answer 11

The skin maintains a constant temperature, and blood is brought to the surface when the sweat glands release sweat which is signaled from the hypothalamus.

Question 12

How does skin continually renew itself?

Answer 12

Cells undergo mitosis, and the new cells are pushed to the surface. The old cells go to the Stratum Spinosum.

Question 13

What are the names and functions of the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 13

• Stratum basale/germinativum: it is the innermost layer where active cells undergo mitosis and protective layers
• Stratum spinosum: it has the immune cells to fight disease
• Stratum granulosum: the middle layer that has a protein called keratin that gives skin strength and has waterproof cells
• Stratum Lucidum: found in areas of thick skin
• Stratum Corneum: outermost layer that contains dead cells that are shed regularly in the process, which is called desquamation

Question 14

What are the four skin appendages and their functions?

Answer 14

Nails: Keratin secretion that grows as cells form
Hair: Controls perspiration and protection
Nerves: Communication of information from the environment to the body
Glands: Produce secretions and hormones and get rid of excess bodily material

Question 15

The integumentary system acts as a barrier against three types of environmental damage: chemical, mechanical, and microbial. Explain each and give an example.

Answer 15

Chemical: Damage caused by any chemical that breaks down cells or connections between the cells (Ex. parabens or sulfates)
Mechanical: Damage caused by any force that compresses, erodes, tears, or stretches the skin (Ex. scratching, itching lesions)
Microbial: Damage caused by microorganisms on the skin (Ex. Staphylococcus)

Question 16

Describe 3 non-infectious skin disorders.

Answer 16

Acne: Clogged sebaceous glands, and sebum plugs pores and area fills with leukocytes
Contact Dermatitis: Exposure to chemicals, it causes redness, itching, swelling, and blisters, and treated with steroids
Poison Ivy: Allergic reaction to to urushiol, it causes a rash, and it is treated with an oral antibiotic or with soothing lotions

Question 17

Describe 3 infectious skin disorders.

Answer 17

Athlete’s Foot: contagious fungal infections, and it is contracted in public baths and showers
Cold Sores: herpes simplex (viral) infection, and it contains small, fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting
Boils and Carbuncles: Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, and it is a bacterial infection

Question 18

What are the five main functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 18

Support of the body, protection of soft organs, movement due to attached skeletal muscles, storage of minerals and fats, and blood cell formation.

Question 19

What is stored in the bone?

Answer 19

Minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Question 20

Besides color, what is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Answer 20

Red bone marrow includes the formation of red blood cells, and yellow bone marrow includes fat storage.

Question 21

Bone is composed of which substances?

Answer 21

Bone is made up of bone tissue, and it is made up of osteoblasts.

Question 22

Bone shapes are described generally in four categories. Name them and give an example of each.

Answer 22

Flat: The skull and sternum
Irregular: Vertebrae and pelvis
Short: The wrist and ankle
Long: The arms and legs

Question 23

Define ossification

Answer 23

Ossification is the formation of bones.

Question 24

What causes bone brittleness as people age?

Answer 24

Red bone marrow is replaced by yellow bone marrow as people age. Also, osteoporosis is common in which bones have holes in them, which make them weak.

Question 25

How do activities such as running and jumping build stronger bones?

Answer 25

The force of the muscles against the bones stimulates the formation of bones.

Question 26

How many bones are there in the skull? How are these bones further subdivided into two groups?

Answer 26

There are 28 bones in the skull. These bones are further subdivided into two groups based on their location in the body.

Question 27

What are the sets of paired cranial bones ?

Answer 27

The maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae bones.

Question 28

Name the four of the structural features most vertebrae share.

Answer 28

Transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes

Question 29

Why do elderly people “shrink” in later stages of life?

Answer 29

The cartilage that is in between the joints can wither away, and osteoporosis can cause the spinal column to compress to become shorter.

Question 30

How does the appendicular skeleton differ from the axial skeleton?

Answer 30

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones in the limbs, shoulders, and pelvic girdle. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Question 31

What is the downside to the large amounts of mobility found in the shoulder complex?

Answer 31

It can result in decreased stability, and it can cause injury.

Question 32

What is the main function of the carpal bones?

Answer 32

Allows for movement of the wrist.

Question 33

How do the male and female pelvises differ and why?

Answer 33

Males have a sharp angle between the pubic bones, and the iliac bones lie more parallel to the body. Female pubic bones have a wide pubic arch, and the iliac bones flair outward. In females, the upper part of the pelvic aperture, called the pelvic inlet, is large and more oval shaped. This area has to be curved and large in order for women to give birth. In males, it is more circular or heart shaped.

Question 34

Which bone, found in the leg, has no special motion capability and serves primarily as a site for muscle attachments?

Answer 34

The fibula

Question 35

Which are the longest and strongest bone in the body?

Answer 35

The femur bone

Question 36

What are the three main categories of joints? What are their functions? Give an example?

Answer 36

• Synarthrosis: These joints permit no movement, which is typical of certain fibrous joints. (Ex. fibrous joints in the skull sutures)
• Amphiarthrosis: A slight degree of movement can occur. Some cartilaginous and fibrous joints allow this type of movement. (Ex. the joints in the right and left hip bones)
• Diarthrosis: These joints provide a variety of movements. Synovial joints can permit this type of movement. (Ex. elbow, shoulder, and ankle)

Question 37

Tendons and ligaments are connective tissues in the body. What do tendons connect? What do ligaments connect?

Answer 37

Ligaments connect two bones together, and tendons connect a muscle and a bone together.

Question 38

What are the main categories of muscle fibers?

Answer 38

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

Question 39

How are involuntary and voluntary muscle distinguished?

Answer 39

They are distinguished by their functions, and whether they are striated or unstriated.

Question 40

Muscle type: Skeletal

Answer 40

Found between bones

Functions: Movement, posture, balance and voluntary movements

Question 41

Muscle type: Smooth

Answer 41

Found from mouth to annus
Functions: They work in the intestines to move food throughout the body, and they are responsible for involuntary movements

Question 42

Muscle type: Cardiac

Answer 42

Found in the heart

Function: To pump blood throughout the body

Question 43

Name body cavities and organs inside

Answer 43

• Abdominal cavity: contains liver, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, and stomach
• The pelvic cavity: cavity containing rectum, reproductive system, and urinary bladder
• Thoracic cavity: contains esophagus, heart, lungs, and respiratory tree
• Cranial cavity: contains the brain
• Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord